1. Upper respiratory tract and chest wall

Question 1

Where is the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?

Answer 1

inferior meatus

Question 2

what does the nasolacrimal duct link?

Answer 2

nasal cavity to eye

Question 3

lower border of nasal cavity

Answer 3

hard palate

Question 4

what separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?

Answer 4

Soft palate

Question 5

Which 2 tonsils are in the oral cavity?

Answer 5

lingual & palatine

Question 6

What separates the oropharynx from the laryngopharynx?

Answer 6

Epiglottis

Question 7

when swallowing, what does the epiglottis do and why?

Answer 7

Blocks trachea - stops food from entering it

Question 8

which fold runs from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages?

Answer 8

Aryepiglottic fold

Question 9

Other name for vestibular cords?

Answer 9

False vocal cords

Question 10

Which are more superior? - true or false vocal cords?

Answer 10

False

Question 11

What bone is the 1st ribbed tucked under?

Answer 11

Clavicle

Question 12

Where is the facet on the rib, which articulates with the thoraric vertebra?

Answer 12

on the head of the rib

Question 13

Other than the head of the rib, where else does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?

Answer 13

tubercle

Question 14

Name of angle on ribs

Answer 14

costal angle

Question 15

name of groove inferiorly on rib

Answer 15

costal groove

Question 16

what cartilage does the rib articulate?

Answer 16

Costal cartilage

Question 17

where is the suprasternal angle?

Answer 17

middle of manubrium (sternum)

Question 18

Name of angle between manubrium and body of sternum?

Answer 18

Sternal angle

Question 19

Most inferior section of sternum?

Answer 19

Xiphisternum

Question 20

What part of the T vertebra articulates with the head of the rib?

Answer 20

Transverse process

Question 21

Name 3 muscles in chest wall (superficial to deep)

Answer 21

1. pectoralis major
2. pectoralis minor
3. serratus anterior

Question 22

Name 3 layers of muscle in intercostal spaces (superficial to deep)

Answer 22

1. External intercostal
2. Interal intercostal
3. Innermost intercostal

Question 23

Describe direction of fibres in external intercostal

Answer 23

negative correlation

Question 24

Where does the external intercostal muscle get more thinner?

Answer 24

More anterior

Question 25

where does the internal intercostal muscle get more thinner?

Answer 25

more posterior

Question 26

between which intercostal muscles does the neurovascular bundle flow?

Answer 26

Internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Question 27

Name order of neurovasuclar vessels (superior to inferior)

Answer 27

VAN

Question 28

3 places the intercostal nerve supplies

Answer 28

1. surrounding skin 2. parietal pleura 3. muscles of intercostal space

Question 29

where does the internal thoracic arteries originate from?

Answer 29

subclavian artery (aorta)

Question 30

where does the internal thoracic artery bifurcate?

Answer 30

6th intercostal space

Question 31

what 2 places does the brances of thoracic artery supply?

Answer 31

1. diaphragm | 2. anterior abdominal wall

Question 32

what is conditioning?

Answer 32

warming, moistening and removal of particles from inspired air

Question 33

benefits of conditioning?

Answer 33

Removes pathogens

Question 34

bone which is superior to nasal cavity

Answer 34

nasal bone

Question 35

adaptations to membrane in nasal cavity

Answer 35

mucous ciliated membrane that has goblet cells

Question 36

What are nasal polyps ?

Answer 36

swellings of nasal lining - can block sinuses

Question 37

What are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 37

air filled extensions of nasal cavity in the skull

Question 38

4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 38

ethmoid, sphenoidal, frontal and maxillae

Question 39

Which sinuses drain into the middle meatus?

Answer 39

frontal and maxillar

Question 40

which sinuses drain into the superior meatus?

Answer 40

sphenoidal and ethmoid

Question 41

why is maxillary sinus more prone to infection?

Answer 41

located closest to drainage orifice - adequate drainage cannot take place

Question 42

Name of infected maxillary sinuses

Answer 42

Maxillary sinusitis

Question 43

why can maxillary sinusitis cause toothache?

Answer 43

sinus can swell due to inflammation and puts pressure on the molar teeth roots

Question 44

2 places auditory tube links

Answer 44

middle ear and nasopharynx

Question 45

which tonsil lies in the nasopharynx?

Answer 45

Pharyngeal

Question 46

function of tonsils

Answer 46

remove pathogens

Question 47

where is the tubul tonsil?

Answer 47

surrounding auditory tube

Question 48

What is tonsillitus?

Answer 48

inflammation of tonsils

Question 49

what compartment links the laryngopharynx to the trachea?

Answer 49

larynx

Question 50

What do the laryngeal muscles do?

Answer 50

contract to narrow the laryngeal inlet

Question 51

What procedure is carried out when a patient cannot breathe for themselves?

Answer 51

Endotracheal intubation

Question 52

what equipment is used to hold the tongue out of the way so the vocal cords can be see?

Answer 52

laryngoscope

Question 53

What is the rima glottidis?

Answer 53

the space between the vocal cords

Question 54

What cancer can form in the larynx?

Answer 54

vocal cord cancer

Question 55

symptoms of vocal cord cancer

Answer 55

- coughing - sore throat - lump in throat - weight loss - ear pain

Question 56

Number of thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 56

12

Question 57

Which thoracic vertebrae are Typical?

Answer 57

T2-T8

Question 58

features of a typical vertebra

Answer 58

- heart shaped body | - 2 costal facets

Question 59

how may acute fracture to the thoracic vertebrae occur?

Answer 59

RTA, fall from a height

Question 60

what disease can lead to pathological vertebral fractures?

Answer 60

Osteoporosis

Question 61

consequences of sternal fractures (2)

Answer 61

- difficulty breathing | - injury to heart and lungs

Question 62

what is a median sternomy and why is it performed?

Answer 62

vertical incision along the sternum - gain access to heart/lungs

Question 63

which ribs are atypical in terms of their articulations?

Answer 63

1,2,10,11,12

Question 64

what are true ribs?

Answer 64

ribs that attach directly to sternum (1-7)

Question 65

what are false ribs?

Answer 65

ribs that attach to one another and to 7th costal cartilage

Question 66

what are floating ribs?

Answer 66

ribs that dont attach to sternum (11+12)

Question 67

what is a cervical rib?

Answer 67

extra rib

Question 68

problems of a cervical rib

Answer 68

presses on nerves and blood vessels - pain in neck and arm

Question 69

muscles which move chest wall

Answer 69

intercostal muscles

Question 70

what is a flial chest?

Answer 70

detachment of a segment of the rib cage

Question 71

what structure of a rib protects the neurovascular bundle?

Answer 71

subcostal groove

Question 72

where does the intercostal vein drain?

Answer 72

internal thoracic vein

Question 73

which nerve runs inferior to the 12th rib?

Answer 73

subcostal nerve