3. The lateral mediastinum and exterior of the heart

Question 1

what 3 vessels should be seen on the lung root?

Answer 1

• bronchi
• pulmonary artery
• pulmonary veins

Question 2

origin of the phrenic nerve

Answer 2

spinal cord segment C3,C4,C5

Question 3

function of phrenic nerve

Answer 3

motor innervation to the diaphragm for contraction

Question 4

where does the L. phrenic nerve recieve sensory innervation from? (2)

Answer 4

• pericardium

- parietal pleura

Question 5

name of foetal remnant in heart

Answer 5

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 6

function of ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 6

allowed a shunt of blood to travel from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta without going to the lungs as they werent functioning

Question 7

previous name of ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 7

ductus arteriosum

Question 8

origin of vagus nerve

Answer 8

medulla oblongata

Question 9

what type of nerve is the vagus nerve

Answer 9

cranial nerve

Question 10

what type of nervous innervation does the vagus nerve give?

Answer 10

parasympathetic

Question 11

where does the L.vagus nerve supply?

Answer 11

thoracic viscera

Question 12

what 3 plexuses does the L.vagus nerve branch into ?

Answer 12

1. cardiac plexus
2. pulmonary plexus
3. esophageal plexus

Question 13

where does the L.vagus nerve branch?

Answer 13

at the lung root

Question 14

what nerve does the L.vagus nerve branch into?

Answer 14

L. recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 15

what structure does the L. recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

Answer 15

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 16

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerves supply?

Answer 16

the muscles of the larynx

Question 17

between what structures is the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 17

heart and arch of aorta

Question 18

which nerve is more anterior; vagus or phrenic?

Answer 18

phrenic

Question 19

where on the aorta does the phrenic nerve pass?

Answer 19

anterior to arch of aorta

Question 20

which nerve runs on the lateral surface of the pericardium?

Answer 20

phrenic nerve

Question 21

which nerve does the R. recurrent laryngeal nerve branch from?

Answer 21

the R. vagus nerve

Question 22

where does the azygos vein drain into?

Answer 22

superior vena cava

Question 23

what vein does the thoracic wall blood drain into?

Answer 23

azygos vein

Question 24

which specific veins drain into the azygos vein?

Answer 24

intercostal veins

Question 25

role of sup. vena cava

Answer 25

drains blood from the head, neck and upper limbs

Question 26

which side of the heart is the superior vena cava on?

Answer 26

right side

Question 27

2 branches of the sup. vena cava

Answer 27

right and left brachiocephalic veins

Question 28

what do each of the brachiocephalic veins branch into (L+R)?

Answer 28

right and left; - subclavian vein - internal jugular vein

Question 29

what nerve is attached to the trachea?

Answer 29

R. vagus nerve

Question 30

which nerve runs down the sup. vena cava?

Answer 30

R. phrenic nerve

Question 31

where is the sympathetic chain?

Answer 31

thoracic wall

Question 32

what do the sympathetic nerves join to?

Answer 32

plexuses of the parasympathethic nerves

Question 33

what is the sympathetic chain made up of?

Answer 33

ganglia

Question 34

2 layers of pericardium

Answer 34

1. serous | 2. outer fibrous layer

Question 35

2 layers of serous pericardium

Answer 35

1. visceral | 2. parietal

Question 36

function of fluid in pericardial cavity

Answer 36

allows heart to beat smoothly

Question 37

what 3 chambers of the heart can be seen anteriorly

Answer 37

LV. RA, RV

Question 38

what chambers are visible on the posterior side of heart

Answer 38

all chambers

Question 39

which side of the heart are the pulmonary veins visible

Answer 39

posterior

Question 40

where is the right atrium in relation to the aorta

Answer 40

to the left

Question 41

where can both the R + L coronary arteries be found

Answer 41

behind the appropraite auricles

Question 42

another name for coronary sulcus

Answer 42

atrioventricular groove

Question 43

where does the right coronary artery run

Answer 43

through the atrioventricular groove

Question 44

between which chambers of the heart does the R. coronary artery run?

Answer 44

R atrium and R ventricle

Question 45

branch of the R. coronary artery on the anterior side of heart

Answer 45

right marginal artery

Question 46

branch of the R. coronary artery on the posterior side of heart

Answer 46

posterior interventricular artery

Question 47

between which chambers of the heart does the posterior interventricular artery run

Answer 47

right and left ventricles - posterior side of heart

Question 48

where does the posterior interventricular artery end?

Answer 48

left atrium

Question 49

which blood vessel is close to the L. coronary artery?

Answer 49

pulmonary artery/trunk

Question 50

which is shorter, the left or right coronary arteries?

Answer 50

left

Question 51

2 branches of the L. coronary artery?

Answer 51

1. circumflex artery | 2. anterior interventricular artery

Question 52

what does the circumflex artery branch into

Answer 52

left marginal artery

Question 53

where is the coronary sinus on the heart?

Answer 53

posterior side - atrioventricular groove

Question 54

role of coronary sinus?

Answer 54

recieves venous blood from heart - transports to right atrium

Question 55

differentiation of superior and inferior mediastinum

Answer 55

the sternal angle of the sternum

Question 56

3 subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum

Answer 56

1. anterior 2. posterior 3. middle

Question 57

what is the tracheal carina and where does it occur?

Answer 57

birfurcation of the trachea at the sternal angle (4th thoracic vertebra

Question 58

function of thoracic duct

Answer 58

drains lymph from the body

Question 59

why could an enlarged left sided supraclavicular lymph node a sign of?

Answer 59

lymphoma, thoracic cancer

Question 60

what do the vagus nerves supply?

Answer 60

heart, lungs and digestive tract

Question 61

what nervous fibres does the phrenic nerve carry?

Answer 61

autonomic and somatic

Question 62

what nervous fibres does the vagus nerve carry?

Answer 62

autonomic

Question 63

why might an intrathoracic tumour lead to loss of voice?

Answer 63

the recurrent largyngeal nerve puts pressure on the vocal cords

Question 64

is the pulmonary plexus sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 64

both

Question 65

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on bronchi

Answer 65

bronchodilation

Question 66

why should asthma patients never be given beta blockers?

Answer 66

beta blockers induce bronchoconstriction

Question 67

Name of nerves which emerge from the sympathetic chain (medial)

Answer 67

splanchnic nerves

Question 68

what is pericardial effusion?

Answer 68

passage of fluid from pericardial capillaries to the pericardial cavity

Question 69

what is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 69

heart compression caused by build up of fluid in the pericardium

Question 70

consequence if cardiac tamponade is not treated

Answer 70

circulation fails

Question 71

which heart chamber contains the pulmonary veins?

Answer 71

left atrium

Question 72

how many valves are in the heart?

Answer 72

4

Question 73

Name of 2 atrioventricular valvues

Answer 73

tricuspid and mitral

Question 74

which AV valve is on the right

Answer 74

tricuspid

Question 75

2 semilunar values

Answer 75

1. pulmonary valve | 2. aortic valve

Question 76

where is the pulmonary valve?

Answer 76

right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 77

where is the aortic valve?

Answer 77

left ventricle and aorta

Question 78

heart muscle

Answer 78

myocardium

Question 79

where do the coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 79

aortic sinus

Question 80

which coronary artery gives the greater supply to sinoatrial and AV nodes?

Answer 80

right coronary artery

Question 81

name for smaller branches of coronary arteries

Answer 81

functional end arteries

Question 82

what is a functional end artery?

Answer 82

has ineffected anastamoses

Question 83

what is angina pectoris?

Answer 83

tightness of chest

Question 84

what is a coronary thrombosis?

Answer 84

blockage of blood flow to the heart due to a blood clot in the coronary artery

Question 85

what do all coronary veins drain into?

Answer 85

coronary sinus

Question 86

where does the coronary sinus open into?

Answer 86

right atrium

Question 87

affect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart

Answer 87

increase HR

Question 88

affect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart

Answer 88

decrease HR

Question 89

where does pain from angina pectoris usually arise?

Answer 89

right

Question 90

where is pain usually reffered in angina pectoris?

Answer 90

left arm and chest

Question 91

why is pain referred to the left in angina?

Answer 91

pain radiates due to thoracic cord segments