4. Interior of the heart

Question 1

which chamber of the heart makes up the base?

Answer 1

left atrium

Question 2

Which has a thicker wall; right or left atrium?

Answer 2

left atrium

Question 3

Through which vessels does the right atrium recieve deoxygenated blood?

Answer 3

superior and inferior vena cavae

Question 4

What chamber of the heart makes up the right border?

Answer 4

right atrium

Question 5

Which other vessel, apart from the vena cavae, drain into the right atrium?

Answer 5

coronary sinus

Question 6

what are the pectinate muscles?

Answer 6

muscles in the wall of the atria

Question 7

what are the crista terminalis?

Answer 7

vertical ridge of smooth myocardium in the right atrium

Question 8

Name of foetal defect between right and left atria

Answer 8

foramen ovale

Question 9

Purpose of foramen ovale in the foetus

Answer 9

allows a shunt of blood from the right to left atrium, bypassing the non-functional lungs

Question 10

what happens to the foramen ovale after birth and what is the name of the wall it is in?

Answer 10

closes - interatrial septum

Question 11

what does the interatrial septum separate?

Answer 11

the right and left atria

Question 12

Name of marking of foramen ovale

Answer 12

fossa ovalis

Question 13

what can occur if the foramen ovale remains open after birth?

Answer 13

deoxygenated and oxygenated blood can mix

Question 14

what conditions can occur is the foramen ovale remains open? (3)

Answer 14

1. Tricuspid valve stenosis
2. Aneurysm
3. Patent foramen ovale

Question 15

Which ventricle wall has a triangular shape; R/L?

Answer 15

R

Question 16

which ventricle forms the apex of the heart?

Answer 16

Left

Question 17

which ventricle is thicker; R/L?

Answer 17

Left

Question 18

What are trabeculuae carneae?

Answer 18

irregular muscular columns

Question 19

where would you find the trabeculuae carneae?

Answer 19

ventricles

Question 20

2 issues which are caused by leakage between heart chambers

Answer 20

1. mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

2. change of pressure - damaging to heart and lungs

Question 21

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

Answer 21

3

Question 22

How many cusps does the bicuspid/mitral valve have?

Answer 22

2

Question 23

Another word for heart strings

Answer 23

chordae tendineae

Question 24

Where are the chordae tendineae?

Answer 24

In the mitral and tricuspid valves

Question 25

Where are the papillary muscles?

Answer 25

- ventricles | - attached to the chordae tendineae

Question 26

role of papillary muscles

Answer 26

contract to prevent collapse of valves during ventricular systole

Question 27

When in the cardiac cycle do the AV valves close?

Answer 27

ventricular contraction

Question 28

2 categories of dysfunction of the heart valves

Answer 28

1. Incompetence/regurgitation | 2. Stenosis

Question 29

What happens to the valves during incompetence dysfunction?

Answer 29

they do not close properly

Question 30

What happens to the valves during stenosis dysfunction?

Answer 30

the valve is narrowed

Question 31

which valve dysfunction causes backflow of blood?

Answer 31

incompetence

Question 32

In stenosis, what must occur for the blood to eject through the heart?

Answer 32

the preceeding chamber must work harder to generate more forceful contractions

Question 33

Effect of tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 33

Backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

Question 34

effect of mitral stenosis

Answer 34

Left atrium has to work harder to pump blood to the left ventricle

Question 35

Function of semilunar valves

Answer 35

allow unidirectional blood flow out of heart

Question 36

Structure of semilunar valves

Answer 36

crescent shaped cusps

Question 37

where are the aortic sinuses?

Answer 37

from the wall of the aorta to the aortic valves

Question 38

effect of aortic stenosis

Answer 38

left ventricle has to work harder to pump blood to the aorta

Question 39

when do congenital malformations arise?

Answer 39

embryological development

Question 40

how long do people have congenital heart malformations?

Answer 40

since they were born

Question 41

2 common types of congenital heart malformations

Answer 41

1. atrial septal defect (ASD) | 2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Question 42

How does atrial septal defect arise?

Answer 42

incomplete closer of formane in interatrial septum

Question 43

Blood flow in ASD

Answer 43

from left atrium to right atrium to right ventricle

Question 44

Problems caused by ASD (2)

Answer 44

1. Enlarged R atrium and ventricle | 2. Dilated pulmonary trunk

Question 45

how does ventricular septal defect occur?

Answer 45

incomplete closure of interventricular septum

Question 46

blood flow in VSD

Answer 46

left to right ventricles

Question 47

problems caused by VSD (2)

Answer 47

hypertension | cardiac failure

Question 48

Consequences of patent ductus arteiosus

Answer 48

shortness of breath - congestive heart failure

Question 49

Name of congenital abornmality where the arch of the aorta/descending aorta is locally contstricted

Answer 49

coarctation of aorta

Question 50

where does coarctation of the aorta commonly occur?

Answer 50

inferior to the origin of the left subclavian artery

Question 51

collateral circulation of the coarctation of the aorta

Answer 51

``` left sub. artery L. internal thoracic artery anterior intercostal artery posterior intercostal artery thoracic aorta ```

Question 52

Where is a moderator band usually placed?

Answer 52

R ventricular apex between the papillary muscle and ventricular septum

Question 53

what is a moderator band?

Answer 53

muscular band of tissue

Question 54

Function of moderator band

Answer 54

Carries AV bundle to the papillary muscle - allows for faster conduction

Question 55

Which muscles are on the inside wall of the right atria

Answer 55

pectinate muscles

Question 56

Describe surface of inside of R Atrium

Answer 56

smooth

Question 57

name of line of separation between inside and wall of atria

Answer 57

cristae terminalis

Question 58

name of separation between the atria

Answer 58

interatrial septum

Question 59

where does the fossa ovalis lie

Answer 59

in the interatrial septum

Question 60

where is the opening for the coronary sinus, in relation to the fossa ovalis?

Answer 60

inferior

Question 61

Name of muscle in the ventricular wall

Answer 61

trabeculae carnae

Question 62

what do the chordae tendinae attach?

Answer 62

cusps and the papillary muscle

Question 63

when do the chordae tendinae contract?

Answer 63

when the ventricles contract

Question 64

role of chordae tendinae

Answer 64

prevents backflow of blood to the atria

Question 65

how many cusps in the pulmonary valve?

Answer 65

3

Question 66

how many cusps in the aortic valve?

Answer 66

3

Question 67

Describe the wall and the interior surface of the left atrium

Answer 67

smooth

Question 68

what separates the superior and inferior mediastinum? (2)

Answer 68

1. sternal angle | 2. intevertebral disc between 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae

Question 69

where does the anterior mediastinum lie between?

Answer 69

heart and sternum

Question 70

what is contained within the anterior mediastinum

Answer 70

remnants of the thymus gland

Question 71

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

Answer 71

heart and pericardial sac

Question 72

what 3 arteries make up the arch of aorta (left to right)

Answer 72

1. L. subclavian artery 2. L. common carotid artery 3. brachiocephalic trunk

Question 73

where do the subclavian arteries supply?

Answer 73

upper limbs

Question 74

where do the common carotid arteries supply?

Answer 74

head, neck and brain

Question 75

what 2 arteries does the brachiocephalic bifurcate into, name the position also.

Answer 75

right subclavian artery - right | right common carotid artery - left

Question 76

between which arteries does the trachea lie?

Answer 76

left common carotid artery and brachiocephalic trunk

Question 77

where does the thoracic duct lie?

Answer 77

between the descending aorta and the azygous vein

Question 78

Name 3 branches of the descending aorta

Answer 78

1. bronchial arteries 2. oesophageal arteries 3. posterior intercostal arteries

Question 79

role of thoracic duct

Answer 79

carries lymph back to venous system

Question 80

flow of lymph through the thoracic duct

Answer 80

lower region, abdomen posterior mediastinum brachiocephalic vein