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HOS Unit 4 > 1 Urinary System > Flashcards

1 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

does the urinary system have exocrine and endocrine functions?

A

Yes
[filters, stores and excretes……conserves salts, glucose, proteins, and H2O to regulate BP and influence acid-base balance]

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2
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the kidney/nephron?

A

Homeostasis and secretion of hormones

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3
Q

What is maintenance of a stable extracellular environment for normal cell function?

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

What are the 3 main processes by which urine formation is controlled?

A

Filtration, secretion, reabsorption

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5
Q

Where is the formation of urine specifically controlled by?

A

nephron

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6
Q

Where is blood plasma selectively filtered?

A

glomerulus

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7
Q

What contains the waste products of metabolism dissolved in water? Where does it enter?

A

glomerular filtrate

enters kidney tubules

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8
Q

What modifies the filtrate by transferring substances from surrounding capillaries into the fluid?

A

tubules of the nephron

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9
Q

What does secretion of substance into nephron tubules play an important role in maintaining?

A
  1. potassium balance [remove excess]

2. Acid-base balance [remove excess H and NH4]

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10
Q

What does reabsorption in the nephron tubules play a major role in maintaining?

A
  1. extracellular fluid volume and BP
  2. Water conservation
  3. Sodium Balance [bring back to blood]
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11
Q

What is produced in kidneys, protease, participates in regulation of blood pressure?

A

Renin-[renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]

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12
Q

What is produced in the kidney and stimulates production of RBCs?

A

erythropoietin

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13
Q

What structures are in the kidney hilum?

A

renal artery
renal vein
renal pelvis
ureter

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14
Q

What is the external connective tissue layer of the kidney?

A

renal capsule

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15
Q

What is the outer reddish brown part of the kidney?

A

cortex

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16
Q

what is the inner segmented part of the kidney?

A

medulla

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17
Q

what is the region of the medulla that projects into a minor calyx?

A

papilla

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18
Q

what are numerous narrow tributaries that drain urine away from each papilla?

A

minor calyx

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19
Q

What consists of a renal pyramid and half a renal column on each side and a cortex base and renal papilla apex?

A

renal lobe

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20
Q

what extends into medulla to create a renal column?

A

cortex

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21
Q

what are the tiny holes in the renal papilla called?

A

area cribrosa

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22
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney and responsible for the production and modification of urine?

A

uriniferous tubule

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23
Q

What are the 2 embryologically distinct components of the uriniferous tubule?

A

nephron and collecting duct

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24
Q

What embryological origin is the nephron from?

A

metanephros

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25
Q

What is the collecting duct derived from?

A

ureteric bud

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26
Q

T-F–vessels in the kidney are often named according to their location within the kidney?

A

true

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27
Q

Is the kidney well insulated?

A

yes

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28
Q

This is a slide to review blood flow through the kidney, if you think you can handle it please try if not just read it. There will be some short questions later about it…what is the path flow in the kidney starting with the renal artery?

A

renal a.–>segmental a.–> interlobar a. –> arcuate a.–> interlobular a. –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries (around convoluted tubulues) –> vasa recta (around loop of hence) -> inter lobular vein –> arcuate vein –> inter lobar vein –> renal vein

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29
Q

Are their 2 inter lobar artery portions?

A

No, it is inter lobar first then after arcuate there is interlobular

30
Q

Does the arcuate a. come before the segmental artery?

A

No

31
Q

What is a renal lobule centered about? what are they flanked by?

A

medullary ray and is flanked on each side by interlobular arteries

32
Q

What is a series of straight collecting ducts that extend from cortex into medulla and drain a collection of nephrons?

A

medullary ray

33
Q

What are branches of arcuate arteries that supply the renal cortex?

A

interlobular artery

34
Q

What are the contents of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus engulfed by bowman’s capsule [nephron]

35
Q

T-F—the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent?

A

True

36
Q

what is CT around the arterioles that does not enter glomerulus replaced by? 2 roles?

A

mesangial cells [phagocytic and contractile]

37
Q

Are endothelial cells of the glomerulus fenestrated?

A

yes 70-90 nm

38
Q

What is the order of basal lamina layers of glomerulus?

A

lamina rara interna [ endothelial]
lamina densa [thickest]
lamina rara externa [closest to podocyte]

39
Q

what is the visceral layer of bowman’s capsules?

A

podocytes

40
Q

What do primary process of podocytes give off?

A

pedicels—>interdigitate

41
Q

What are the spaces between pedicels called?

A

filtration slits 20-40 nm wide

42
Q

What is a thin membrane that spans adjacent pedicels—what does it contain?

A

slit diaphragm—pores called nephrons

43
Q

what is parietal layer of bowman’s made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

44
Q

What is the filtrate volume reduced by in the proximal convoluted tubule? what is absorbed? what is diffused?

A

75%
Na absorbed
Cl diffused

45
Q

What is the epithelial layer of the proximal convoluted tubule? what may distinguish them in histo?

A
  • simple cuboidal with microvilli

- large cells and section may miss nucleus

46
Q

What is the diff in epithelium of thick and thin loop of henle

A

thick-simple cuboidal

thin- simple squamous

47
Q

What plays a huge role in making urine hypertonic?

A

nephron—conserves water

48
Q

What is responsible for absorption of Na and secretion of K through sodium pumps in its epithelial cells and regulated by aldosterone?

A

distal convoluted tubule- maintain body’s water-salt balance

49
Q

What secretes H and NH4 in urine to help maintain acid- base chemistry?

A

distal convoluted tubule

50
Q

Key histo features of distal convoluted tubules?

A

simple cuboidal few microvilli
small cells —all nuclei present
short

51
Q

When is the collecting duct epithelium permeable to water?

A

PRESENCE OF ADH

52
Q

What are the key histo features of the collecting duct?

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar
cells bulge into large lumen
large central nucleus
prominent intercellular boundaries

53
Q

What do numerous collecting ducts converge into?

A

ducts of bellini

54
Q

what is the epithelium of ducts of bellini?

A

simple columnar epithelium

55
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains what 3 types of cells?

A
  • macula densa
  • extra-glomerular mesangial cells
  • juxtaglomerular granular cells
56
Q

What do macula dense cells do in response to High Na levels?

A

release vasoactive compounds to mesangial cells that then contract

57
Q

what are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arterioles that contain zymogen and rich sympathetic innervation?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

58
Q

What leads to increased autonomic stimulation of the JG cells and cause them to release renin?

A

decreased arterial blood pressure

59
Q

What does renin cleave?

A

angiotensinogen

60
Q

What does angiotensin II do in the adrenal glands?

A

cause release of aldosterone

61
Q

What does aldosterone promote?

A

Na and water reabsorption from the DCT into peritubular capillaries

62
Q

What type of epithelium is in the excretory passageways?

A

transitional with a very elastic lamina propria

63
Q

t-f—there is a thick zone of smooth musclee to transport urine through lumen?

A

T- muscularis externa

64
Q

What else does the bladder have along with the dense irregular CT adventitia?

A

serosa

65
Q

How do the ureters enter the walls of the bladder to prevent back flow?

A

sharply oblique

66
Q

What part of the bladder is not folded?

A

trigone

67
Q

How many muscle layers of bladder?

A

3 interlaced

68
Q

what are the names of the sections of male urethra?

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy

69
Q

What type of epithelium is membranous portion of urethra?

A

stratified columnar and patchy pseudo stratified columnar

70
Q

what type of epithelium in the spongy urethra?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized

HOS Unit 4 (18 decks)

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