1. What are the contemporary patterns of global migration?

Question 1

What is forced migration?

Answer 1

A general term referring to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people who are forced to move, usually due to conflict, persecution, or disaster.

Question 2

What is voluntary migration?

Answer 2

When the migrant has a choice about whether or not to migrate.

Question 3

What is the net migration rate?

Answer 3

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in an area over a period of time, usually per 1,000 inhabitants.

Positive value = more people entering than leaving

Negative value = more people leaving than entering

Question 4

What is a short-term migrant?

Answer 4

Someone who moves to another country for at least 3 months but less than 1 year.

Question 5

What is a long-term migrant?

Answer 5

Someone who moves to another country for at least 1 year (12 months).

Question 6

What is a refugee?

Answer 6

A person forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Question 7

What is an asylum seeker?

Answer 7

It is a person who has left their
home country as a political refugee and is
seeking asylum in another.

Question 8

What is Lee’s Migration Model?

Answer 8

A theory that migration results from push and pull factors at the origin and destination, personal factors, and intervening obstacles such as visa controls, transport, language, and physical barriers (e.g. oceans, mountains).

Question 9

What is migration?

Answer 9

The physical movement of people from one place to another, either internally or internationally, usually over 1 year. It can be permanent, semi-permanent, short-term, or long-term.

Question 10

What was the net migration figure to the UK in 2015?

Answer 10

333,000 (net migration = immigration – emigration)

Question 11

How many UK residents were born abroad in 2015?

Answer 11

8.6 million (13.3% of the population)

3.2 million from the EU

5.4 million from outside the EU

Question 12

Which 3 countries had the most immigrants to the UK in 2015?

Answer 12

Poland (916,000)

India (362,000)

Republic of Ireland (332,000)

Question 13

What were the main reasons people immigrated to the UK?

Answer 13

Work-related reasons, study, or joining family.

Question 14

How many people born in the UK were living abroad in 2013?

Answer 14

5.1 million

Question 15

Which 3 countries had the most UK emigrants in 2013?

Answer 15

Australia (1.06 million)

USA (829,000)

Spain (808,000)

Question 16

What were the main reasons for UK emigration?

Answer 16

Work-related, joining family, or retirement.

Question 17

How is migration linked to globalisation?

Answer 17

Migration both causes and is caused by globalisation — as the world becomes more interconnected, more people migrate.

Question 18

How does the scale of migration reflect globalisation?

Answer 18

People now move across borders, continents, and within regions — truly global flows.

Question 19

How has the size of migration changed recently?

Answer 19

It has increased, particularly in the Middle East and Europe, with some routes becoming much larger.

Question 20

Why is migration described as fluid and complex?

Answer 20

It constantly changes in direction, causes, and ethnic composition. Patterns vary over time and space.

Question 21

Where do most migrants to the UK move to?

Answer 21

London, the South East, and the West Midlands.

Question 22

What are intra-regional flows?

Answer 22

Migration within world regions — e.g. movement between EU countries.

Question 23

How many people migrated within the EU in 2012?

Answer 23

1.7 million

Question 24

What percentage of the EU’s total migrant stock were EU migrants in 2010?

Answer 24

35%

Question 25

In which countries did EU migrants make up over 70% of the migrant stock?

Answer 25

Luxembourg (80.7%) and the Czech Republic (80.2%)

Question 26

Which country had very few EU migrants (only 1,728)?

Answer 26

Lithuania

Question 27

What agreement influences migration within the EU?

Answer 27

The Schengen Agreement, which removes border controls between member states.

Question 28

What direction do most intra-EU migrants move?

Answer 28

From less economically developed Eastern Europe to wealthier Western Europe.

Question 29

What are the main reasons for intra-regional migration in the EU?

Answer 29

Work, study, joining family, and return flows (e.g. Poles moving back to Poland).

Question 30

What is inter-regional migration?

Answer 30

Migration between world regions — e.g. from Africa to Europe.

Question 31

What is the context of migration from North Africa to Europe?

Answer 31

Many people flee conflict and instability in Africa, often taking dangerous journeys in small boats — many die en route.

Question 32

What was the estimated number of African migrants in the EU in 2015?

Answer 32

Between 7 and 8 million (legal and illegal combined, estimated by the Migration Policy Institute).

Question 33

Where do most African migrants in the EU come from?

Answer 33

North and Northwest Africa (e.g. Senegal, Mali, Libya).

Question 34

What is a main migration route from Africa to Europe?

Answer 34

From Libyan ports to southern Italy. Others go to Spain and the Canary Islands.

Question 35

Which 3 EU countries have the highest number of African migrants?

Answer 35

France (3.5–8 million) UK (1.3 million) Italy (1.03 million)

Question 36

Which 3 nationalities had the highest arrivals in Italy?

Answer 36

Eritrea (34,000) Mali (9,938) Nigeria (9,000)

Question 37

What is socio-economic development?

Answer 37

It refers to the interaction of social and economic factors and their combined progress in a country.

Question 38

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Answer 38

A composite index combining life expectancy, education, and GDP per capita. A value closer to 1 means greater development.

Question 39

What are migrant remittances?

Answer 39

Private funds sent by migrants to family members in their country of origin. Often expressed as a percentage of GDP.

Question 40

How is socio-economic development measured?

Answer 40

With indicators such as GDP, life expectancy, literacy, and levels of employment.

Question 41

Why are remittances vital for LIDCs?

Answer 41

Since 1996, they've been worth more than overseas aid or direct investment. In 2015, $439 billion was sent to LIDCs (World Bank). The real figure could be 50% higher. They provide income stability for families — improving nutrition, healthcare, and education access.

Question 42

What are the top 5 remittance corridors in 2015?

Answer 42

USA → Mexico: $25.2bn USA → China: $16.3bn Hong Kong → China: $13.5bn UAE → India: $13.8bn USA → India: $11.5bn

Question 43

Top 3 remittance recipient countries in 2014 (by value)?

Answer 43

India: $70bn China: $64bn Philippines: $28bn

Question 44

Top 3 recipient countries by remittance % of GDP (2014)?

Answer 44

Tajikistan: 49% Kyrgyzstan: 32% Nepal: 29%

Question 45

What factors affect remittance flows?

Answer 45

Economic fluctuations Labour market policies (e.g. pro-local worker hiring) Currency exchange rate fluctuations