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Human Rights 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many people were estimated to be in modern slavery in 2021?

A

49.6 million – including 27.6 million in forced labour and 22 million in forced marriage, according to the ILO.

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2
Q

What region has the highest number of people in forced labour?

A

Asia-Pacific (15.1 million people).

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3
Q

Which region has the highest prevalence of forced labour?

A

Arab States (5.3 per 1,000 people) the highest rate globally.

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4
Q

What percentage of all people in forced labour are children?

A

12% - nearly 3.3 million children worldwide.

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5
Q

Give one example of forced labour in a developed country.

A

UK: Victims are exploited in hand car washes, construction, nail salons, and domestic servitude, often under debt bondage and threats. Impact all types of people.

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6
Q

Prevalence of slavery in the Uk

A

Ranked 132 out of 167 on global slavery index. 136,000 estimated to be living in modern slavery.

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7
Q

Name one country where migrant workers are heavily exploited.

A

Saudi Arabia – migrant workers from South Asia and Africa often experience passport confiscation, wage withholding, and physical abuse

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8
Q

What is the situation of forced labour in Honduras?

A

Children and vulnerable adults are trafficked for sexual exploitation, forced domestic labour, and agricultural work. Honduras is a source and transit country for human trafficking, particularly affecting women and girls.

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9
Q

What are key drivers of forced labour in Saudi Arabia?

A

The kafala (sponsorship) system ties migrant workers to employers, leading to widespread abuse. Other factors include lack of legal protection, restrictive visa policies, and dependence on low-paid foreign labour.

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10
Q

What are key drivers of slavery and trafficking in Honduras?

A

High poverty rates (over 48% in 2021), gang violence (murder rate of 56 per 100,000), weak institutions, and corruption allow traffickers to operate with impunity. Lack of rural employment pushes many into vulnerable work.

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11
Q

How many executions occurred in 2019 (excluding China)?

A

657 confirmed executions globally, though actual numbers may be higher due to lack of transparency.

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12
Q

Which countries were responsible for 86% of those executions?

A

Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Egypt.

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13
Q

Why do some countries retain the death penalty?

A

They claim it serves as a deterrent, uphold religious/legal traditions, or use it for punishing terrorism or political dissent.

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14
Q

What are Amnesty International’s three main arguments against capital punishment?

A

It is irreversible and risks wrongful execution, it is often discriminatory (against minorities or the poor), and it can be politically motivated.

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15
Q

What is the definition of maternal mortality rate (MMR)?

A

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy or childbirth-related causes.

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16
Q

Which three countries have the highest MMR?

A

South Sudan (1,150), Chad (1,140), Sierra Leone (1,120).

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17
Q

Which three countries have the lowest MMR?

A

Italy, Norway, and Poland (2 deaths per 100,000 live births).

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18
Q

What is the MMR for the UK and USA?

A

UK: 7 per 100,000; USA: 19 per 100,000.

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19
Q

What percentage of maternal deaths occur in developing countries?

A

95%, according to the WHO.

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20
Q

Name three key reasons for high MMR in LIDCs.

A

Limited access to healthcare, lack of skilled birth attendants, and cultural barriers to seeking treatment.

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21
Q

What is the target of SDG Goal 3 related to MMR?

A

To reduce global MMR to below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.

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22
Q

Name two WHO-supported strategies to reduce MMR.

A

Midwifery training programmes and increasing access to emergency obstetric care.

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23
Q

What does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) measure?

Study These Flashcards
A

Three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment (e.g., parliamentary seats), and economic activity (labour force participation).

24
Q

Which countries rank highest on GII?

Study These Flashcards
A

Switzerland, Denmark, and Sweden.

25
Which countries rank lowest on GII?
Yemen, Chad, and Niger – due to poor maternal health, low education for women, and lack of political representation.
26
Name three recent reforms improving women’s rights in Saudi Arabia.
1) Women allowed to drive (2018); 2) Can travel without male guardian (2019); 3) Right to vote and run in municipal elections (2015).
27
What ongoing gender restrictions exist in Saudi Arabia?
Male guardianship over aspects of women's lives, limited freedom of expression, unequal legal status in courts and divorce.
28
Why is Saudi Arabia’s GII score low despite reforms?
Women's participation in politics and the formal workforce remains limited; deep-rooted cultural and legal barriers persist.
29
How has the Global Gender Gap Index changed since 2006?
Narrowed slightly overall; most improvement in education, but persistent gaps in economic and political participation.
30
What does CEDAW stand for?
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
31
What is the aim of CEDAW?
To eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and ensure equality in law, politics, education, and employment.
32
Which SDGs are most directly related to human rights?
SDG 3 (Good Health), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequality), SDG 16 (Peace and Justice).
33
What are the two key components of global governance?
Policy development and implementation through collaboration between IGOs, NGOs, and national governments.
34
What does the UN Security Council do regarding human rights?
Authorises peacekeeping, sanctions, or military action to protect civilians in cases of human rights violations.
35
What is NATO’s role in global governance?
Defensive alliance that can participate in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations under international law.
36
What is a potential downside of military intervention?
Civilian casualties, damage to infrastructure, prolonged instability, or worsening of conflict.
37
Give an example of humanitarian intervention.
UN Peacekeeping in South Sudan – The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) was set up in 2011 to support peace and protect civilians. After civil war broke out in 2013, it focused on protecting people from violence, helping deliver aid, and supporting peace talks. UN soldiers and staff created protection camps and helped prevent more violence. This shows how global organisations can reduce human rights abuses during conflict.
38
Why is political instability a barrier to human rights?
It weakens institutions, increases corruption, and undermines access to justice, healthcare, and education.
39
Name one NGO working on water and sanitation as a human right.
WaterAid – works to increase access to safe water, toilets, and hygiene in LIDCs.
40
How does clean water access promote development?
Reduces waterborne disease, improves school attendance (especially for girls), and boosts productivity.
41
What percentage of crimes against rights defenders in Honduras go unpunished?
Between 95% and 98%, according to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
42
What is MACCIH and why was it significant?
Mission to Support the Fight Against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (by the OAS); led to prosecution of 133 individuals, including politicians.
43
Why was MACCIH shut down?
In 2020, due to political pressure and lack of support from the Honduran government.
44
How many active gang members are estimated in Honduras?
Estimates vary from 5,000 to 40,000 across the country.
45
How has organised crime affected development in Honduras?
High homicide rates, forced displacement, reduced investment, and increased insecurity undermine sustainable development.
46
What impact did hurricanes Eta and Iota have in 2020?
Affected 4.5 million people, killed 95, and displaced over 1 million. Damaged infrastructure and set back economic recovery.
47
What is COMRURAL?
World Bank-funded programme to support small-scale rural producers and improve competitiveness in value chains like coffee, honey, and dairy.
48
What were COMRURAL’s outcomes?
Helped 14,000 families, 30% of Honduras’s specialty coffee now comes from COMRURAL producers. Supported 5,000 indigenous and 4,000 female-headed households.
49
What infrastructure improvements occurred through World Bank projects?
Installation of 4,893 latrines, 8,550 solar energy projects, and upgrades to 667 km of rural roads.
50
What percentage of Honduras’s economy is services?
59.5% (as of 2015), followed by industry (26.6%) and agriculture (13.9%).
51
What are Honduras’s key development challenges?
Corruption, inequality, weak institutions, gang violence, vulnerability to natural disasters, and limited rural access to services.
52
What is the role of the World Health Organization (WHO)?
WHO is a UN agency that leads international public health efforts. It monitors health data, supports countries in strengthening healthcare systems, develops health guidelines, and provides emergency medical aid. It is crucial in reducing maternal mortality, combating infectious diseases, and supporting health-related SDGs.
53
What is the role of the International Labour Organization (ILO)?
The ILO is a UN agency that sets international labour standards, monitors labour rights, and promotes decent work. It leads global efforts to eliminate forced labour and child labour, and provides reports on global slavery trends such as the Global Estimates of Modern Slavery.
54
What rights have women in Saudi Arabia historically lacked?
Driving, freedom to travel, equal marriage/divorce rights, political and work participation.
55
What are consequences of gender inequality in Saudi Arabia
Economic underperformance, international criticism, and human rights concerns.

Geography (Human) (11 decks)

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