10/28-Voice Lecture 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
How do we refer to the living body when discussing it’s anatomical position? (this was really weird to word)
A
- the living body standing, facing the observer,
- eyes front
- arms at side
- palms of hands and tips of the feet directed forward
2
Q
What does supine mean?
A
- lying on back
- face or front upward
- Palm facing outward
- inactive
3
Q
What does prone mean?
A
lying on stomach
4
Q
What does posterior mean?
A
toward the back
5
Q
What does anterior mean?
A
toward the front
6
Q
What is ventral/anterior? Give an example
A
- away from the backbone
- toward the front of the body.
- Venter is Latin for “belly”
-my belly button is ventral to my spine
7
Q
What is dorsal/posterior? Give an example
A
- toward the backbone
- away from the body
- the posterior surface
-ex: my kidneys are dorsal to my liver
8
Q
What is caudal? give an example?
A
- toward the tail
- away from the head
-Ex: my iliac crests are caudal to my rib cage
9
Q
What does rostral/cranial mean? Give an example
A
- toward the head
- away from the tail.
- Rostrum is latin for Beak
ex; my jaw is rostral to my neck
10
Q
What does Contralateral mean? Give an example
A
opposite side
ex: my left ear is contralateral to my right eye
11
Q
What does ipsilateral mean? give an example?
A
same side
ex: my right leg is ipsilateral to my right arm
12
Q
What does superficial mean? Give an example
A
- near the outer surface of the organism
- Ex: the skin is superficial to the muscle layer
13
Q
What does deep mean? give an example
A
further away from the surface, toward the center
ex: my lungs are deep to my ribs
14
Q
What does superior mean?
A
upper–the superior surface of the brain, of the palate, of the tongue
15
Q
What does inferior mean? give an example
A
- lower
- ex: the inferior aspect of the larynx, the head, and the tongue
16
Q
What does external mean? Give an example
A
toward the outer surface
ex: the external surface of the thoracic cavity
17
Q
What does internal mean? give an example
A
toward the inner surface
ex: the internal surface of the thoracic cavity
18
Q
What does medial mean?
A
toward the midline
19
Q
What does lateral mean?
A
away from the midline
20
Q
What does proximal mean?
A
toward the body or toward the root of a free extremity
21
Q
What does distal mean? give an example
A
away from the body or away from the root of a free extremity
ex: my elbows are distal to my shoulders
22
Q
What does central mean? give an example
A
at the center
my spine is central
23
Q
What does peripheral mean? give an example
A
at the outer edge
peripheral vision
24
Q
What are the anatomical planes of reference?
A
- frontal-coronal
- sagittal plane
- transverse plane
25
What is the frontal-coronal plane?
-perpendicular to the ground and separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back
26
What is the sagittal plane?
perpendicular to the ground and separates left from right
27
What is the transverse plane?
-horizontal, cross-sectional, parallel to the ground, separates the superior from the inferior/head from the feet
28
T/F
The divisions of the planes may only occur in the exact middle of the body
False
these divisions may not divide a structure into halves. They may be slices at any point
29
What does abduction mean and what does it refer to?
a limb moved away from the central axis.
also refers to the vocal folds moving away from each other, opening the airway
30
What does adduction mean and what does it refer to ?
- a limb moving toward the central axis
| - the vocal folds closing together
31
What does extension mean?
straightening of a limb or lengthening of a muscle
32
What does flexion mean?
bending of a limb or shortening of a muscle
33
Voice is a coordinated system consisting of what three things?
the motor source
the vibratory source
the resonator source
34
What is the motor source?
-the lungs and the muscles of breathing and breath support
35
What is the vibratory source?
the larynx and its intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
36
What is the resonator source?
the laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx, mouth, lips, and tongue that shape the sound
37
What is an important factor for voice clients who may have functional or organic voice disorders?
-proper breathing/respiration
38
Where is the nasopharynx?
higher most portion of the pharynx. Extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate
39
Where is the orpharynx
lies behind the oral cavity extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone
40
What does the anterior wall of the oropharynx consist of?
-the base of the tongue and the epiglottis
41
What does the superior wall of the oropharynx consist of?
-inferior surface of the soft palate and uvula
42
Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, what closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration?
the epiglottis
43
What is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus?
-laryngopharynx
44
Where is the laryngopharynx?
it is inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (larynx) and digestive (esophagus) pathways
45
What is the anatomy of the airway and where does it lead to? (need help with this one)
1. nose or open mouth. Nose is always open
2. air goes into the nasopharynx and/or oropharynx and down through the larynx (remember the biological function of the larynx is as a valve to protect the lungs)
3. at the level of the larynx and above is the upper respiratory tract
4. the air passes through the larynx and into the lower respiratory tract of the trachea. Below the level of the larynx is the lower respiratory tract.
5. The trachea is a highly variable structure from one individual to another. It extends form the larynx to the point where the trachea divides into the right main stem bronchus and left main stem bronchus
46
What is the trachea compose of and how long is it?
- composed of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings
| - 11-12 cm. in length (about 5 inches)
47
What are hyaline rings shaped like?
horse shoes
48
In terms of the trachea what is always open and what is it in direct contact with?
-back-posterior is open and surface is in direct contact with the esophagus
49
Where can a hole be punctured in the trachea?
between the posterior wall of the trachea and the anterior wall of the trachea
50
For a tracheostomy, where is a hole puncture?
-on the anterior wall of the trachea is where a hole can be punctured
51
A tracheostomy punctures which membranes and between where?
-punctures the membranes of the trachea between the 3rd and 4th tracheal rings
52
Describe the right & left main bronchi and their path
- at the Carina the trachea divides into the Right and left main stem bronchi
- which then divide into secondary bronchi
- there are 3 secondary bronchi on the right and 2 on the left
- the secondary bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi with 10 branches
- approximately 24 divisions of the bronchial tree
- with fewer and fewer cartilaginous rings and more muscle. smooth muscle can contract and then have bronchial spasms and possibly asthma
53
Describe the terminal Bronchioles
- bronchii are now divided into the terminal bronchioles that deliver air into the alveolar ducts and alveoli
- from the bronchioles down, the walls lack cartilage support, walls are smooth muscle
54
What attach the lungs to the walls of the chest cavity?
-tendons or adhesive tissues
55
Where are the lungs attached?
Lungs are attached at the root (trachea into the bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and veins) and the mediastinum (attached to the heart cavity by the pulmonary ligament, two layers of the pleura)
56
What is pleura?
pleura is a serous membrane that encases the lungs. There is also a pleura that lines the chest cavity and the thoracic cavity
57
The two layers of pleura enclose a potential space called what?
the pleural cavity
58
What is serous membrane?
thin layer of epithelial cells that secrete serum in order to reduce friction between two surfaces
59
What holds the lungs against the thoracic cavity?
it's not surface tension, but it's a vacuum
60
Describe how the lungs stay in the thoracic cavity?
-the rib cage expands, the lung tissue is stuck to the internal rib cage, a vacuum is created in the air sacs or alveoli of the lungs, and air rushes in to fill the vacuum.
61
if one of the two pleural cavities is punctured, will both lungs deflate?
no, the two pleural cavities are separate, so if one is punctured the lung in that cavity will deflate
62
What keeps the alveoli in a lung inflated?
the pleural vacuum holding the lung to the chest wall, without it the lung would deflate like a balloon
63
If only one lung is punctured or deflated needs to occur for air exchange to take place?
the other lung needs to remain inflated
64
What is total capacity?
- total air capacity of your lungs
- basically the amount of air that can be held in the lungs after maximum inspiration
- different for everyone depending upon your physical condition
65
if you get out of shape does the number of alveoli change?
no, but the size, elasticity, and capacity of them changes
66
What is tidal volume?
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath cycle
67
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
the maximum amount of air that we can inspire beyond the tidal volume.
68
What is vital capacity? And what is the formula for it?
- the amount of air that can be exhaled after the deepest inhalation you can take
- it is equal to tidal volume plus inspiratory volume plus expiratory reserve volume
69
What is residual volume?
-not release d in life, it's always in the lungs because it's purpose is to always keep the lungs partially inflated, otherwise the alveoli would collapse
70
What is the primary muscle for breathing and what does it work solely on?
diaphragm
works solely on inhalation/exhalation of tidal volume
71
how does the diaphragm work?
- contracts and pulls down, the lungs lengthen because of the vacuum adhesion between the pleurae
- the viscera (abdominal and pelvic area) slide down and compress a small amount
- vacuum is created in the alveoli because they increase in size and half of a breath cycle has taken place, inhalation/inspiration; then diaphragm relaxes; viscera slide back into place, alveoli shrink size due to elastic properties; and other part of the breath cycle is completed exhalation/expiration
72
What is the diaphragm controlled by?
the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
not under conscious control--works while were sleeping
73
even though tidal volume air exchange is a very passive process what must sometimes people be trained to be?
more effective breathers
74
most of the time, in normal conversation, is trained breathing necessary/
no
75
What is the diaphragm shaped like and where is its insertion?
shaped like an upside down bowl and it's insertion is in several places
76
Where is the sternal origin of the diaphragm?
at the lower border on medial surface of the xiphoid (part of the sternum) process
77
T/F
the diaphragm pulls down equally all the way around to increase the vertical dimension of the thorax, the expansion of the lung is evenly distributed acres the caudal surfaces of the lungs
TRUE
78
Does the diaphragm move a lot?
no, about an inch or two depending on exertion
79
What are the second most important muscles for forced inhalation?
external intercostals
80
can the external intercostals be under conscious control?
yes
81
how many intercostals are attached to certain ribs?
11
82
don't know how to word this:
"contraction raises the ribs and ever so slightly twists them medially, can feel it with a deep breath"
.
83
Raising ribs can add how many ccs to the inspiratory reserve volume?
1500-2000 cc
84
What are internal intercostals for and what are they the antagonists of?
- important for forced exhalation
| - antagonists to the external intercostals
85
how many internal intercostals are there and where do they course?
11
they course downward and laterally from the sternum
86
What does contraction of the internal intercostals do?
lowers ribs and forcefully exhales the extra expiratory reserve volume
ribs want to untwist and go back to resting position--a little passive assistance to exhalation
87
Describe the transverse abdomens muscle/transversalis
- fibers transverse across the abdomen
- deepest of the abdominal muscles
- origins are from the inner surfaces of ribs 6-12, the lumbar fascia, the inner edge of the anterior 3/4s of the iliac crest and froth lateral 1/3rd of the inguinal ligament
88
Describe the internal oblique muscle
- these muscle fibers run medially and diagonally upward with origins in the inguinal ligament
- the rostral (situated toward nose/beak) portion of this muscle insets into cartilages of last 3 or 4 ribs, and ribs 8 or 9 through 12
- rest of the fibers terminate at the linea alba-tendinous median line on the anterior abdominal wall
89
Describe the external/descending oblique muscle
- this is the largest and most superficial of the abdominal muscles
- runs laterally and downward diagonally and medially
- it originates from the exterior surfaces and lower borders of the ribs 5-12
- part of muscle terminates on the anterior 1/2 of the iliac crest
- rest terminates along the length of the outer layer of the abdominal apaneurosis
90
Describe the rectus abdominus muscles
- long flat muscles which extend the whole length of the from of the abdomen
- it arises by two tendons from the pubis and ascends to insert into cartilages of ribs 5-7
- has 3 tendinous intersections called linae transversae
- "six pack muscle"
91
Describe the role of abdominal muscles regarding breathing
- if the pelvis and spine are fixed, the external and internal oblique muscles compress the lower part of the thorax, thus pulling the ribs down and assisting in expiration
- when the pelvis and thorax are fixed, the abdominal muscles compress the abdominal viscera by constricting th cavity of the abdomen--this can help raise air pressure in the lungs
- or if you hold these muscles rigid, you allow the diaphragm to move upward on its path to relaxation, releasing air without raising air pressure substantially
92
What is the capacity for men and women in terms of tidal volume?
Women 340 cc
Men 750 cc
93
What is the capacity in terms of inspiratory reserve volume?
Usually around 1500-2000 cc
94
What is the total capacity for vital capacity?
3500-5000 cc
