10/30-Voice Lecture 2

Question 1

What is cartilage?

Answer 1

• very strong connective tissue, embyologically formed by chrondroblasts
• framework for larynx, trachea, bronchi, ears, and nose

Question 2

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 2

• hyaline
• fibrous
• elastic

Question 3

What is hyaline cartilage like?

Answer 3

-Bluish white, glassy in appearance, found on the ends of bones, and the costal cartilages; composes the nasal septum and the bronchial and tracheal rings

Question 4

What is fibrous cartilage like?

Answer 4

inelastic, fiberglass like; found in the spinal column as well as in some joints and ligaments

Question 5

What is elastic cartilage like?

Answer 5

elastic fibers; more flexible; yellowish and opaque; forms the external ear and ear canal, the epiglottis, and small cartilages of the larynx

Question 6

What is the membrane that covers cartilage?

Answer 6

perichondria

Question 7

What are joints?

Answer 7

• Functional connections between bones and the cartilages of the larynx
• no joint, no movement
• muscles attach at and across joints

Question 8

What are the three types of joints/

Answer 8

• Synarthrodial joints
• amphiarthrodial joints
• synovial joints

Question 9

What are synarthrodial joints like?

Answer 9

immovable joint of fibrous connective tissue; joins structures firmly where adjacent bones connect; the skull and palate are synarthrodial joints

Question 10

What are amphiarthrodial joints like?

Answer 10

yielding joint; slightly moveable; found between vertebrae in spine and in the mandibular symphysis

Question 11

What are synovial joints like?

Answer 11

freely moveable joint

bones joined at these joints are covered by hyaline cartilage

they are enclosed by an articular capsule containing synovial fluid (a fluid that is continuously secreted as a protective mechanism)

Question 12

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Answer 12

• ball and socket
• condyloid joint
• ginglymus joint
• pivot joint
• plane/gliding joint
• saddle joint

Question 13

Describe plane/gliding joints

Answer 13

one concave surface, other convex; allows for sliding movement between articular processes such a between the ribs and the vertebrae

Question 14

Describe ginglymus joints

Answer 14

a hinge joint that allows movement in only one plane, usually forward or backward (e.g., elbow; knee)

Question 15

Describe Pivot joints

Answer 15

a small projection of one bone sticks out into the opening of another bone. (e.g., 1st cervical vertebra and 2nd cervical vertebra form a pivot joint of the skull and neck)

Question 16

Describe condyloid joints

Answer 16

an oval shaped surface fits into an elliptical portion, one surface is slightly concave and one slightly convex or flat; this allows for al types of movement except rotation (e.g., where the mandible attaches to the skull-the tempero-mandibular joint)

Question 17

Describe Saddle Joints

Answer 17

One part is concave, one part convex; allows for bi-axial movement; more range of motion than condyloid (e.g., thumb and arytnoids)

Question 18

Describe ball and socket joints

Answer 18

a free joint that allows movement in several directions (shoulder, hip, etc..)

Question 19

What are the three functions of the larynx?

Answer 19

• protection for the airway
• acts as a valve to prevent air leaving the lungs to build abdominal pressure and give the torso more rigidity for lifting, coughing, voiding, or vomiting
• Voice

Question 20

how many functions of the larynx are biological, how many are not?

Answer 20

2 are biological

1 non biological/non respiratory

Question 21

What are the cartilages and bone in the larynx?

Answer 21

• Epiglottis
• Hyoid Bone
• Thyroid Cartilage
• Cricoid Cartilage
• 2 arytenoid cartilages
• 2 corniculate cartilages
• 2 cuneiform cartilages

Question 22

Describe the epiglottis

Answer 22

• Leaf like structure
• sits behind the hyoid bone and the root of the tongue
• stem of the leaf is attached by the thyro-epiglottic ligament
• primary function is protection of the airway
• covers airway during swallowing
• made up of elastic cartilage which is very pliable and long lasting

Question 23

Describe the Hyoid bone

Answer 23

• U-shaped bone
• not attached to any other bone in the skeleton
• suspended in place by muscles and ligaments
• support the roof of the tongue
• Located in the neck at about the 3rd cervical vertebra
• size, symmetry, and movement is variable person to person

Question 24

Describe the Thyroid Cartilage and it’s landmark

Answer 24

largest of the laryngeal cartilages

anterior and lateral walls are composed of hyaline cartilage

one landmark is the thyroid notch at superior midline

Question 25

Describe the cricoid cartilage

Answer 25

Foundation of the larynx; shaped like a ring made up of hyaline cartilage sits on top of the trachea great range of motion

Question 26

Describe the arytenoid cartilages

Answer 26

Pyramidal type structures which sit on the posterior portion of the cricoid cartilage has four surfaces; a posterior surface, a medial surface, an anterolateral surface (largest) and concave base surface Each surface has muscle attachments except for the inferior concave surface which forms a saddle joint with the cricoid cartilage. This saddle joint allows rocking and gliding movement. This action is directly involved in moving the vocal folds.*very important for movement of vocal folds

Question 27

describe the corniculate cartilages

Answer 27

Horn or cone shaped elastic cartilages that sit on top of the apex of each pyramidal arytenoid cartilage

Question 28

describe the cuneiform cartilages

Answer 28

- folds of mucous membranes extending from the apexes of the arytenoids to the lateral edges of the epiglottis. - These folds are called the aryepiglottic folds and form the lateral borders of the superior entrance to the larynx. - Imbedded in these folds are the Cuneiform Cartilages which are covered with mucous membrane, fat, and connective tissue. - For some people these cartilages are very prominent, for others they are missing.

Question 29

What do the joints of the laryngeal cartilages do?

Answer 29

mediate internal adjustments of the vocal folds

Question 30

What do the cricoarytenoid joints, synovial joints, and saddle joints allow the arytenoid cartilages to do?

Answer 30

to glide medially and laterally; forward and backward in a rocking motion. when he arytenoid cartilages move, so do the vocal folds--opening and closing of the folds

Question 31

What are the cricothyroid joints, synovial joints, and pivot joints involved with and what do they allow for?

Answer 31

involved with fundamental frequent these joints allow for the movement that changes position of the thyroid cartilage relative to the cricoid cartilage. The folds can be stretched, tensed, and thinned which affects fundamental frequency

Question 32

What are the extrinsic laryngeal membranes?

Answer 32

a kind of wrap outside the cartilages of the larynx basically closing gaps between major cartilages on the superficial aspect of the larynx

Question 33

What are the intrinsic laryngeal ligaments?

Answer 33

These ligaments interconnect the laryngeal cartilages and influence the extent/direction of the movement of the cartilages

Question 34

What is the vestibule?

Answer 34

- a space that extends from the ventricular folds (also known as your false vocal folds) superiorly to the aditus laryngis. - Somewhat of a triangular space, wider ventrally than dorsally

Question 35

What is the sub glottal space?

Answer 35

extends from the true voice folds to the inferior border of the cricoid. Further below is the trachea

Question 36

What is the anterior commisure?

Answer 36

Juncture where the true vocal folds attach together at the anterior of the thyroid cartilage.

Question 37

What is the glottis?

Answer 37

- the posterior 1/3rd is called intercartilaginous portion or the cartilaginous glottis - the anterior 2/3rds is muscle and membrane called the membranous glottis

Question 38

What is the posterior commisure

Answer 38

where the true vocal fold attach to the anterolateral surfaces of the arytenoids.