11/6- Voice Lecture 4 Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
Describe the Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation. What are the 3 components of this theory?
A
- **Most basic/accepted model of voicing
- Muscular forces adduct the vocal folds, creating midline compression
- Exhaled air from the lungs create subglottal pressure to overcome medial compression and displace the vocal folds (VFs), creating airflow through folds (aerodynamic)
- VFs recoild back to their resting position, closing at the midline before air pressure forces them open again.
2
Q
Describe the Bernoulli Effect.
A
- Air passing through the glottis increases in flow, and pulls the VFs back together due to the negative air pressure cause by the airflow (similar to when you drive pass a semi-truck)
- Further theory evolution –> Titze (2000) believed that the Bernoulli effect was insufficient to explain “self sustained oscillation” of VFs during phonation
3
Q
Because Titze 2000 believed the Bernoulli Effect wasn’t a sufficient explanation of vocal fold oscillation he came up with the three mass model. What is the “three mass model of VF oscillation”?
A
- “where the large stabilizing mass is the body, and the two smaller masses are the inferior and superior portions of the cover. When the area of the glottal opening at the bottom of the glottis is larger than at the top; a convergent glottis is formed, resulting in greater relative intraglottal pressure which forces the vocal folds apart. CONVERSELY when the area at the top of the glottis is larger, a divergent glottis is formed resulting in lower intraglottal pressure which pulls the vocal folds together.”
- ** each of these configurations occurs during every vibratory cycle
4
Q
What is the mucosal wave?
A
- pattern of oscillation that is created by a continual opening and closing of the two masses of the vocal fold cover during voicing
- every opening and closing is one vibratory cycle
Phase refers to: 1) open at the bottom; 2) open at the top 3) close at the bottom 4) close at the top
5
Q
What is longitudinal phase difference?
A
timing lag between the opening and closing of the folds – folds open from back to front and close in the reverse- from front to back
6
Q
T/F: Control of Fundamental frequency (FF) is controlled between the antagonistic relationships between the cricothryoid and thyroarytenoid muscles.
A
TRUE
7
Q
What is voice onset?
A
- Initiation of sound produced as the folds begin to vibrate
8
Q
In order to control the loudness, what must there be an interaction between?
A
1) Subglottal pressure
2) Vocal fold adduction
3) Formant-harmonic tuning
9
Q
What are the 3 kinds of onsets?
A
- Breathy onset: air flows through glottis before the vocal folds are adducted and vibrating
- Simultaneous onset: air is flowing through glottis as vibration of the vocal folds and adduction begins
- Hard glottal attack: air flows through the glottis after the vocal folds are adducted and vibration begins with a jolt
10
Q
What is Amplitude perturbation or shimmer?
A
variation in amplitude during the vibratory cycles
11
Q
Describe the movements of the muscles in order to control the fundamental frequency
A
- controlled between the antagonistic relationships between the cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscles
- when the cricothyroid muscle contracts, it stretches and thins the vocal folds which results in an increase in fundamental frequency
- when the thyroarytenoid muscle contracts, it shortens the vocal folds which results in a decrease in fundamental frequency
- trained singers learn to gradually release the thyroarytenoid and gradually contract the cricothyroid as they glide up in pitch, so transition between registers is not apparent
12
Q
What is register?
A
subdivisions within the total range of pitches produced by the voice
13
Q
What is Frequency perturbation or jitter?
A
variation in frequency during vibratory cycles
14
Q
What does a modal mean?
A
- folds are closed for about 50% of the time and open 50%
- speech range with pulse register occurring at the end of phrases or sentences
15
Q
What are jitter and shimmer affected by?
A
- asymmetry of vocal folds
- differences in mass and stiffness
- variations in lung pressure
- secretions
- adjustments of articulators
- aerodynamic fluctuations in glottis
- neuromuscular control
16
Q
What are the ventricular folds?
A
- known as false vocal folds
- just above and parallel with the true folds
- during swallowing and also physical effort they close, but remain abducted during phonation
17
Q
What does a pulse mean?
A
lowest register; closed folds for 90% of cycle (like popcorn popping)– referred to as glottal fry.
18
Q
What are the aspects of pathology that may interfere with normal vibratory function?
AKA: EFFECTS OF PATHOLOGY
A
Location and size
glottal incompetence
symmetry of both folds
uniformity within each fold
layer structure
mass and stiffness of each layer
interference with vibratory movement of opposite fold can occur with polyps, polypoid vocal fold, cyst, epithelium hyperplasia, papilloma, and carcinoma
19
Q
What does a falsetto mean?
A
folds look long and stiff and are thin at the margins- thinner sound- child like sound
20
Q
What is the resonator that shapes and contains articulatory structure?
A
Mouth – consisting of lips, teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge, velum (soft palate)
21
Q
What are the Aryepiglottic folds?
A
folds of connective tissue with some muscle fibers that form a sphincter to pull the epiglottis posteriorly to close the larynx entrance during swallowing
22
Q
T/F: hypernasality = excessive and hyponasality= lack of nasal resonance or blockage of nasal cavity?
A
true
23
Q
What are some pathological conditions of the vocal folds?
A
- nodules/polyps: mass of superficial layer of lamina propria increases; stiffness changes
- edema: stiffness decreases
- fibrosis, intra-tissue bleeding, hyaline degeneration: may increase stiffness
- epithelial hyperplasia
- papilloma: usually enters the superficial layer and occasionally the intermediate and deep layer of the lamina propria; also may invade the vocalis muscle
24
Q
T/F: Action and tension can affect resonance?
A
true
25
T/F: Disorders that inhibit normal velopharyngeal functioning and may cause nasal emission during production on non nasal sounds
True
26
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and their functions?
genioglossus (retracts and draws tongue forward)
hyoglossus (pulls tongue’s sides down);
palatoglossus (elevates the back of the tongue);
styloglossus (elevates and retracts the tongue)
27
T/F: Velopharyngeal valve: provides appropriate closure – makes firm contact with posterior pharyngeal wall
True
28
Name the muscles of the pharynx.
cricopharyngeus (sphincter at the entrance of esophagus)
Pharyngeal constrictors (tenses and tightens walls) – Inferior; middle; and superior
Stylopharyngeus (elevates and opens pharynx);
Salpingopharyngeus (elevates and opens pharynx)
29
Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, and their functions
- superior longitudinal ( elevates tip)
- inferior longitudinal (pulls tip down
- retracts tongue) transverse (narrows tongue)
- vertical (depresses tongue)
30
What refers to hyper or hyponasality ; such as cleft palate; and enlarged adenoids?
Resonance disorder
31
What is a tube made of muscle and connective tissue lined with mucous membranes such as: nasopharynx; oropharynx; and laryngopharynx
The pharynx
32
What is vocal tract shaping******??
NEED TO KNOW!
- process for changing shape of vocal tract
- such as: lowering the larynx lowers all **formants (elongates)
- raising the larynx raises formants (shortens);
- rounding lips lowers all formants; spreading lips raises all formants;
- tongue elevating/ tongue retraction
- **formants are resonating frequencies of the vocal tract
33
T/F: Vocal tract resonance happens due to the tract acting as a filter that selects and transmits frequencies through tube that open at one end ( e.g., lips) and the close at the other end (e.g., the glottis)
true
34
What are Suprasegmentals?
following aspects may be varied to emphasize or stress a syllable , word, or phrase: frequency; intensity; duration; rate
35
What are resonance problems?
voice problems such as muffled, back, cul-de-sac resonance– voice is staying back in pharynx– as opposed to a more voice forward focus of sound.
36
T/F: the lateral convexity of the cerebral cortex is involved in vocalization (Larson, 1988)?
True
37
What is co articulation?
contiguous nature of how speech sounds influence each other can affect resonance
38
T/F: Laryngeal muscles are thus coordinated with other articulators for precise timing of voice onset
True
39
What are some changes we will see due to aging on articulation/resonance?
stress and intonation issues;
greater number of inflections;
slower speech rate;
increased variability of fluency;
resonance issues: formant frequencies lower across vowels;
velopharynx may be less competent;
vocal tract lengthening;
centralization of vowels for older men
40
Regarding the subcortical mechanisms: What does the basal ganglia and extrapyramidial system consist of?
- have been noted to be involved in vocalization
- certain types of incidents involving the midline thalamus lead to hypophonia and dysarthria ( Meissner, Sapir, Kokomen, and Stein (1987);
- also it has been shown that other diseases such as Huntington’s Disease or type of palsy also affect vocalization
41
T/F: Stimulation of the precentral gyrus in either hemisphere and stimulation of supplementary motor cortex, elicits vocalization (Penfield & Roberts, 1959)
True
42
What cranial nerves does the cervical plexus communicate with?
vagus (X); hypoglossal (XII) and spinal accessory (XI) cranial nerves
43
Regarding the subcortical mechanisms: What does the limbic and diencephalic structures consist of?
- seem to be implicated in animal studies of vocalization (Larson 1988
- anterior cingulate gyrus;
- hypothalamus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens;
- and septum, midline thalamus;
- amygdala; and zone incerta have been electronically stimulated and vocalization has occurred.
- It’s been noted that periaqueductal gray matter is the lowest part of the brain that may be stimulated electronically to elicit vocalization.
- Mutism may result if these cells are destroyed
44
What is the diaphragm influenced by?
by thoracic intercostal nerves and also phrenic nerve of the cervical plexus
45
What two plexus/ serve the respiratory mechanism?
Cervical plexus
brachial plexus
46
Where does the innervation take place for the rectus abdominus?
similarly for the external oblique abdominus;
internal oblique abdominus muscle; and transverse abdominus muscles.
The lungs are innervated by the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses derived from the branches of the sympathetic and vagus nerves
47
Where does the brachial plexus supplies nerves to?
Upper limbs
48
These nerves may be sensory, motor or mixed; The Vagus- is both sensory and motor in function– Sensory receptors include locations in the pharynx, larynx, external ear, thorax, abdominal cavity, heart and lungs. What are the nerves called?
Cranial nerves
49
Where does the Rectus abdominus muscle receives motor innervation from?
both the thoracoabdominal intercostal and subcostal nerves.
50
What are the two divisions of the vagus?
superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent or interior laryngeal nerve
51
What nerves innervate the trachea and come from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus from the sympathetic thoracoabdominal nerve trunks while connecting with the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord...
Sensory nerves of the trachea
52
The The internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus innervates what?
innervates the laryngeal vestibule, vocal folds and pharynx.
53
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
involved in respiratory, cardiovascular, as well as digestive sensations. Motor control include innervation of the palatal muscles; pharyngeal muscles and all intrinsic laryngeal muscles
54
NEED TO BREAK IT DOWN!!!
Potential effects of aging on voice:
(Linville 2000): Changes to peripheral nervous system: denervation atrophy in skeletal muscles, decreased contractile strength in muscles; decreased number of motor neurons, slowing of reception of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular joint; degeneration of the cricoarytenoid muscle in mid adulthood; distal axonal degeneration of the thyroarytenoid , interarytenoid, and cricoarytenoid muscles; slower speaking rate; reductions in nerve supply to muscles of speech mechanism; degeneration of nerve fibers
(Linville 2001): Changes to the central nervous system: brain atrophy; loss of white matter after age 50; less brain weight; loss of nerve cells in frontal lobes between 45 and 83; slowing of motor planning; decline in dopamine levels, leading to decreased muscle tone, and lowered motor performance and sensorimotor integration; slowing of all sensorimotor processes including speech production; degeneration of neurotransmitter, leading to slower speech; slowing of the swallow function leading to increased bolus transit times
55
T/F: The superior Nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle of the larynx?
True
The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for pitch control and also innervates the inferior constrictor muscle
56
Look at diagram chuchas showed us in class
.
57
T/F: All of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid, are innervated on each side by the recurrent nerve.
True
58
how many layers is the lamina propria divided into?
3
59
Look at the picture Chuchas drew in class
.
60
what is the epithelium and superficial layer (Reinke's Space) of the lamina propria called?
- "the cover"
| - most lesions cover and affect mass and stiffness
61
Describe the Mucosa
divided into epithelium and lamina propria
62
Describe the layers of the folds
each layer of the vocal folds has different stiffness attributes which result in complex vibratory patterns which accounts for sound waves resulting in the unique human voice
63
what are the layers of the lamina propria?
- superficial layer (loose & pliant)(where edema often develops)
- intermediate layer (primarily elastic fibers)
- deep layer (dense, mostly collagenous fibers)
64
What is fundamental frequency?
the rate of fold vibration perceived as pitch and harmonics
65
What is the vocal ligament made up of?
intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria
thyroarytenoid muscle forms the body of the folds
66
How is loudness achieved?
loudness is achieved by vocal folds adducting firmly for a long closed phase, pressure builds up, when blown apart, vibrate more strongly--thus more displacement in vibrating column of air passing through glottis with greater amplitude and intensity
67
True or false:
| the laryngeal wave consists of fundamental frequency
TRUE
68
When is the midpoint of the membraneous portion of the vocal folds in the glottal space widest?
during abduction
69
What does rate of vibration depend on?
length, mass, and tension of the folds
harmonics contribute the acoustic correlate of what is perceived as "quality" or "timbre"
70
What is vertical phase difference?
refers to time differential between the opening and the closing of the inferior and superior edges of the folds
71
What is the glottis?
the space between the vocal folds
72
Where is the site of maximum impact when folds close during adduction? this is also the place where lesions such as nodules may occur
The glottis
73
What are the three types of register?
pulse
modal
falsetto
