10: Malignancy of GI Tract Flashcards
What are the clinical presentations of Oesophageal Cancer? (2 things)
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- Weight loss
What is the types of Oesophageal cancer? (2 things)
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma (associated with Barretts oesophagus)
How is oesophageal cancer investigated? (3 things)
- Endoscopy
- Biopsy
- Barium
What are the types of Stomach malignancies? (2 types)
- Gastric cancer
- Gastric lymphoma
What are the clinical presentations of gastric cancer? (3 things)
- Epigastric pain
- Vomiting
- Weigh loss
What are the MACROSCOPIC features of Gastric Cancer? (2 things)
- Ulcerating
- Infiltrating
What are the MICROSCOPIC features of Gastric Cancer?
Gland formation in intestines
How is Gastric Cancer investigated? (3 things)
- Endoscopy
- Biopsy
- Barium
What is the difference in spread between Early and Advanced Gastric Cancer?
Early: Confined to SUBMUCOSA
Advanced: Further spread
What is the difference in prognosis between Early and Advanced Gastric Cancer?
Early: Good prognosis
Advanced: 10% 5 year survival
How is Gastric Cancer spread? (4 things)
- Direct
* Through gastric wall → dueodenum / transverse colon / pancreas - Lymph nodes
- Liver
- Trans-coelomic →peritoneum / ovaries
What does Gastric Lymphoma start as?
Low grade lesion
What causes a regression of Gastric Lymphoma tumours?
Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori
(Gastric Lymphoma associated with H Pylori)
Does Gastric Cancer or Gastric Lymphoma have better prognosis?
Gastric Lymphoma
What are some neoplasms of the large intestine? (2 things)
- Large Intestine Adenomas
- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
- Gardners Syndrome
- Large Intestine Adenocarcinomas
* Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
What are Large Intestine Adenomas?
Pre-cancerous neoplasms of large intestine
What are the features of Large Intestine Adenomas? (2 things)
Macroscopic
Sessile (immobile)
Microscopic
Dysplasia
What is Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)? (3 points)
- Large Intestine Adenoma
- Autosomal dominant inheritance (FAP gene is on chromosome 5)
- By age of 20, there are 1000’s of adenomas in the large intestine → increases risk of cancer
What is Gardner’s Syndrome? (2 points)
- A type of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
- Tumours of bone + soft tissue
What is an example of a Large Intestine Adenocarcinoma?
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
What are the Macroscopic and Microscopic features of Colonic Adenocarcinoma?
Macroscopic
Fungating (becoming like fungus appearance)
Microscopic
Mucinous (covering in mucus)
How is Colonic Adenocarcinoma spread? (3 things)
- Direct
* Through bowel wall → adjacent organs (e.g bladder) - Via Lymphatics → Mesenteric Lymph Nodes
- Via Portal Venous System → Liver
What are the features of Pancreatic Carcinomas?
- Firm pale mass with necrotic centre
- Can infiltrate adjacent structures (e.g sleen)
What are the features of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma?
Can form well differentiated glands
