5.3: Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What substances are the carriers of genetic information?

A

Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information.

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2
Q

What organisms have ribosomes? How does this demonstrate common ancestry?

A

All have ribosomes, this means that they all evolved from a common ancestor.

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3
Q

How does a shared genetic code demonstrate common ancestry?

A

It means that maximum parsimony, which means that the easiest path to evolution is the most likely one. Therefore, all organisms most likely evolved from a common ancestor.

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4
Q

What metabolic process do all organisms undergo which demonstrates common ancestry?

A

Cellular respiration (whether anaerobic or aerobic, they both contain glycolysis)

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5
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

The alleles for multiple genes are not inherited separately from each other, leading to more possibilities of different combinations of genes, so there is increased genetic variation.

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6
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Two alleles in a pair will separate during meiosis into different gametes. This leads to genetic variation.

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7
Q

What is the expected result of a monohybrid cross?

A

monohybrid cross- one trait is inherited

-1 homozygous dominant, 1 homozygous recessive, and 2 heterozygous

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8
Q

What is the expected ratio of a dihybrid cross based on Mendel’s laws?

A

dihybrid cross- how two traits are inherited

-9(dd):3(dr):3(rd):1(rr)

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9
Q

pedigree rules

A
  • if skips generations, must be recessive
  • if X linked, then males will be more commonly affected (females would need two X linked in order to show the trait usually)
  • Y linked is not a thing (for testing purposes)
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10
Q

How to use Chi squared

A
  • Used to determine if there is a significant difference between two
  • make observed vs expected list (mult total by expected ratios)
  • perform equations for each phenotype group and add together
  • degrees of freedom=number phenotypes combinations-1
  • p value given usually
  • use determine critical value
  • if chi greater than the critical value, they assort dependently (together)
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11
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

A heterozygote has the same characteristics as a homozygous dominant organism for the same allele

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12
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Heterozygotes have a intermediate phenotype between the two alleles. (red and white=pink)

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13
Q

What is codominance?

A

Both alleles are present in the phenotype and are expressed differently.

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14
Q

How are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of a monohybrid cross different in these different levels of
dominance?

A

-genotypic-all 1:1:2

  • pheno
  • incomplete dominance-1:1:2
  • complete dominance-3:1
  • codominance-1:1:2
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