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CLS 304 > CH. 4 > Flashcards

CH. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How many nephrons are found in the average

kidney?

A

1.3 million

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2
Q

Ultrafiltration of plasma occurs in glomeruli located

in the renal

A

cortex

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3
Q

Which component of the nephron is located exclu-

sively in the renal medulla?

A

loop of henle

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4
Q

true or false: The afferent arteriole has a narrower lumen than the efferent arteriole.

A

false

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5
Q

true or false: The arteries are primarily end arteries, supplying specific areas of tissue, and they do not interconnect.

A

true

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6
Q

true or false: The arterioles subdivide into a capillary network, rejoin as an arteriole, and subdivide into a second capillary bed.

A

true

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7
Q

true or false: The vasa recta vessels deep in the renal medulla form the beginning of the venous renal circulation.

A

true

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8
Q

Formation of the ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus is

driven by the

A

hydrostatic blood pressure

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9
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of renin, an enzyme secreted by specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

causes the formation of angiotensin and

the secretion of aldosterone.

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10
Q

The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of the

A

capillary endothelium
basement mmb
podocytes

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11
Q

the ability of a solute to cross the glomerular filtra-

tion barrier is determined by its

A

molecular size.
molecular radius.
electrical charge.

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12
Q

The epithelium characterized by a brush border

owing to numerous microvilli is found in the

A

proximal tubules

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13
Q

The kidneys play an important role in the

A

excretion of waste products.
regulation of water and electrolytes.
maintenance of acid-base equilibrium.
control of blood pressure and fluid balance.

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14
Q

What percent of the original ultrafiltrate formed in

the urinary space actually is excreted as urine?

A

1%

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15
Q

What differentiates tubular reabsorption from

tubular secretion in the nephron?

A

The direction of movement of the substance

being absorbed or secreted is different.

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16
Q

During tubular transport, the movement of a solute

against a gradient

A

involves specific cell membrane–binding sites.

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17
Q

Substances bound to plasma proteins in the blood

can be eliminated in the urine by

A

tubular reabsorption

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18
Q

The renal system has a ____ response with complete correction of the ___ to normal.

A

slow

pH

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19
Q

The kidneys excrete excess alkali (base) in the urine

as

A

sodium bicarbonate

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20
Q

Which of the following substances is secreted into

the tubular lumen to eliminate hydrogen ions?

A

ammonia

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21
Q

Urine titratable acids can form when the ultrafiltrate

contains

A

phosphate

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22
Q

The renal threshold level for glucose is 160 to

180 mg/dL. This corresponds to the

A

plasma concentration above which glucose is

excreted in the urine.

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23
Q

When too much protein is presented to the renal
tubules for reabsorption, it is excreted in the urine
because

A

the max tubular reabsorptive capacity for

protein has been exceeded.

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24
Q

More than 66% of filtered water, sodium, and chlo-

ride and 100% of filtered glucose, amino acids, and proteins are reabsorbed in the

A

proximal tubules

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25
Q

Water reabsorption occurs throughout the nephron

except in the

A

ascending limb of the loops of Henle.

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26
Q

The process solely responsible for water reabsorp-

tion throughout the nephron is

A

osmosis

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27
Q

Hypertonicity of the renal medulla is maintained by

A

urea cycle

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28
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of the renal

countercurrent multiplier mechanism?

A

The descending limb of the loop of Henle actively

reabsorbs sodium and urea.

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29
Q

The purpose of the renal countercurrent multiplier

mechanism is to

A

preserve the gradient hypertonicity in the

medulla.

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30
Q

Which vascular component is involved in the renal

countercurrent exchange mechanism?

A

vasa recta

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31
Q

Antidiuretic hormone regulates the reabsorption of

A

water in the collecting tubules.

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32
Q

Which of the following describes the tubular lumen
fluid that enters the collecting tubule compared with
the tubular lumen fluid in the proximal tubule?

A

isosmotic

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33
Q

Which of the following describes the tubular lumen
fluid that enters the collecting tubule compared with
the tubular lumen fluid in the proximal tubule?

A

collecting ducts.

34
Q

what makes up urine

A

water and waste products

35
Q

where does urine go after the renal pelvis

A

ureter

36
Q

where does urine go after the ureter

A

bladder

37
Q

where does filtrate become urine

A

kidneys

38
Q

how much urine can the bladder hold before it feels like you have to go to the bathroom

A

150 mL

39
Q

how does urine get pushed into the urethra

A

contraction of bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincter

40
Q

what is the glomerulus made up of

A

capillary beds

41
Q

what is the liquid called in the bowman’s capsule

A

filtrate

42
Q

function of the nephron

A

filters blood

43
Q

where are glomeruli located

A

outer cortex

44
Q

what kind of tissue is in the medulla

A

pyramid-shaped

45
Q

where does urine go after the pyramid

A

minor calyx

46
Q

where does urine go after the calyces

A

renal pelvis

47
Q

what is the area called between the medullas

A

renal column

48
Q

where does filtration occur

A

bowman’s capsule

49
Q

where are there a lot of microvilli

A

proximal convoluted tubule

50
Q

where does filtrate enter the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

51
Q

where does filtrate exit the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

52
Q

what kind of cell lines the afferent arteriole

A

juxtaglomerular cell

53
Q

what is the space called around the glomerulus

A

bowman’s space

54
Q

what kind of cells are in the center of the afferent arteriole

A

mesangial cells

55
Q

where is pressure greater in the afferent or efferent arteriole

A

efferent

56
Q

what are the 3 cells that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

juxtaglomerular cell
distal convoluted tubule
mesangial cells

57
Q

what enzyme is present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

renin

58
Q

why would renin be released

A

low arterial blood pressure
decreased sodium or increased potassium levels
low blood volume

59
Q

renin causes ____ formation and _____ secretion

A

angiotensin

aldosterone

60
Q

what does aldosterone do to the kidneys

A

retain sodium and water follows the sodium

61
Q

what does an increase in aldosterone do to blood pressure

A

increase blood pressure

62
Q

what turns angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A

renin

63
Q

what turns angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

ACE

64
Q

180000 mL of plasma is filtered everyday but how much urine is produced

A

600 - 1800 mL

65
Q

what is blood’s pH

A

7.35-7.45

66
Q

what kind of charge does the endothelium have

A

neg

67
Q

can albumin go through glomerular filtration barrier and why

A

no because it has a negative charge

68
Q

what kind of transport moves against gradient

A

active

69
Q

what kind of transport moves from higher conc to lower conc

A

passive

70
Q

what waste product does not get reabsorbed

A

creatinine

71
Q

how much water does the proximal tubule reabsorb

A

65%

72
Q

what are the 3 systems that maintain blood’s pH

A

blood buffer system
pulmonary system
renal system

73
Q

what enzyme combines carbon dioxide and water

A

carbonic anhydrase

74
Q

what enzyme breaks carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

75
Q

what makes ADH

A

hypothalamus

76
Q

what releases ADH

A

posterior pituitary gland

77
Q

what is another name for ADH

A

vasopressin

78
Q

what controls water reabsorption in collecting tubules

A

ADH

79
Q

aquaporin

A

allows water to go through

80
Q

what is the problem with people with diabetes insipidus

A

receptor do not respond to ADH

81
Q

describe the urine of a person with diabetes insipidus

A

lots of urine

urine is dilute

CLS 304 (21 decks)

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