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human infectious diseases > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of immune system

A

Protects you from infection and all sorts of pathogens and cancers

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2
Q

Overreaction of the immune disease examples

A

Autoimmune diseases

Lethal allergies

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3
Q

What does the immune system do

A

Mounts elabatote rracrions against foreign material

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4
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that the immune system reacts against

Antigens are usually pieces of a pathogen, can be other things as well

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5
Q

WhT tools can be used to prevent infection

A

Limit access to tissues
Limit access to nutrients
Unfriendly environments (temp, PH)
Directly attack pathogen

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6
Q

Barriers - first line of defense

A

Skin (constant shedding)

Mucus/respiratory tract
Sneezing, coughing

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7
Q

Example of mechanical barriers

A

Tears, mucus,
Something that flushed away pathogens

Even bleeding, it washes away pathogens trying to get into wound

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8
Q

Chemical defenses

A

Lysozyme, stomach acid, antimicrobial proteins

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9
Q

Second line of defense characteristics

A

Consists of group of cells that respond to common features of pathogens

Chemical and cellular responses that are the same regardless of specific pathogen
Fever, inflammation are system responses by this line of defense

Patterns!!

Not highly specific

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10
Q

What cells carry out the second line of defense

A

White blood cells— come from bone marrow where they are produced

They are known as leukocytes collectively
All white blood cells are leukocytes

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11
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A specific type of leukocytes that generate antibodies

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12
Q

Neutrophils

A

A type of granulocuytes (white blood cell with granules)

Most common type of white blood cell,
Engulfs and kill bacteria; mediate inflammation

Example, puss filled area, it drowns the pathogen with puss

The nucleus is multi loved

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13
Q

Eosinophils

A

Fight parasites, participate in allergic responses
They are granulosytes

Multi lobed nucleus, red orange stain

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14
Q

Basophils

A

They are blue, fight parasites (attract a basic dye) participate in allergic reactions

The nucleus is obscured under a microscope, bi-lobed

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15
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Yes phagocytosis: process of engulfing and destroying foreign mosteriaks mostly in the tissues not blood

Phagocytes: engulf bacteria mediate inflammation, present antigens to T cells

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16
Q

Monocytes

A

This is a macrophage in a different place

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17
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells
T and B can create memory immunity

They are small cells with large nuclei

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18
Q

Key process in second line of defense

A

Phagocytosis: when cells engulf and destroy cellular waste

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

Recognize pathogens based on shared molecular patterns called pattern recognition receptors

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19
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Phagocyte moves toward pathogens by chemotaxis

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20
Q

Inflammation

A

Influx of blood to the area
Local cells secrete chemicals (cytokines) to drive the inflammatory process
Blood vessels dilate, bringing more blood
Cytokines make area painful to the touch

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21
Q

What inflammation accomplishes

A

Gets immune cells to the area first
Activates immune cells that are there
Elicits protective behaviors in host (pain, etc)

22
Q

2nd line of defense: fever

A

Can be induced by cytokines or pathogen associated molecules (pyrogens)

People believe fevers can be a good thing

23
Q

Fever can

A

Inhibit multiplication of viruses and fungi
Increase reactions and production of immune cells
Impede nuttier ion of bacteria by reducing iron availability

24
Q

2nd line of defense: antimicrobial protiens

A

Different chemicals with different tasks

25
Q

Interferon protiens

A

Enhances immune cell growth

Secreted by cells infected by a virus
Accomplish three dif things:
Signals nearby cells to stop producing protein
If an interferon lands on a pathogen it will destroy itself
Activates white blood cells

26
Q

Compliment system

A

Second line of defense

Stimulates phagocytes

27
Q

Transferrens

A

Iron binding protiens

Proteins that bind iron molecules to prevent pathogens from getting to them

28
Q

Complement system

A

Composed of a series of protein cascades
Inflammation
Formation of the membrane attack complex
Punches a hole in the cell membrane so the cytoplasm leaks leadining to the lysis and death of the invading cell

29
Q

Cells involved in the third line of defense

A

B cells and T cells

Called into action by the phagocytes and cytokines in the second line of defense

30
Q

B cells

A

Make antibodies

31
Q

Plasma cells

A

Mature B cells make antibodies much more quickly

32
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Interact directly with all the cells of the body

33
Q

Hyper T Cells

A

Work with all the components to help them work

34
Q

Antigen for third line of defense

A

A unique recognizable movie file that a lymphocyte recognizes is called an integer

35
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Use their own receptor to show off their captured and destroyed bacterial prey

36
Q

T and B cell effects

A

These cells make antibodies which interact with the pathogens
Can be activated by interacting directly with pathogen but don’t directly fight the pathogens

37
Q

MHC molecule

A 
Individual cells hve their own MHC (class 1) 
If they are infected with a pathogen, foreign antigens might show up in the MHC class 1, if not, the resented peptides would all be self

Have an average cell
Produce protiens
Break those up
Put them onto MHC class 1, and expose them to outside world
If there is a virus then that’s also being presented because it’s also put onto MHC class 1 but usually it’s just broken down protien

38
Q

MHC CLASS 2

A

Memory T and T effectors
memory B and B effectors

They live in the lymphatic tissue and Wsit there until we encounter the same pathogen

B CELLS PRODUCE antibodies

39
Q

T CELLS

A

Interact with antigen presented by an antigen presenting cell activates a B cell

40
Q

T cell reactivity

A

T cells are educated during fetal and infant development
The process which takes place in an organ called the thymus. This process removes T Cells that cannot recognize MHC molecules
Are specific for and will react against self protiens

Defects can lead to self reactive T cells that wage war on your own cells leads to autoimmune disease

41
Q

T cells are selected based on what

A

Things can be foreign but not pathogenic

T cells have no way of telling the difference 
Like pollen (not pathogen but foreign to body so it reacts the same way as to a virus
42
Q

Two different types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic

Helper T cells- help everyone perform better by releasing cytokines rhat help other immune cells
They activate B cells

43
Q

B cell reactivity

A

Can interact directly with pathogen during activation

They need help from T cells

44
Q

Opsimization

A

To make more susseptible to phagocytosis

45
Q

IGG antibodies

A

Found in blood majority of antibodies made by plasma cells

46
Q

IgM antibodies

A

First form created by B cells

Found in blood

47
Q

IgA Antibodies

A

Found in mucus and breast milk, most common in whole body

48
Q

Passive immunity

A

Babies at birth and breastfed babies recieve antibodies from mom resulting in passive immunity

49
Q

Developing a strong immune system requires

A

Exposure to antigen/pathogens, overly sterile environments that contribute to allergies and asthma, important both to get sick to build immunity as well as to become immuno logically tolerant agents in our environment

50
Q

The function of cortisol

A

It is a stress hormone, dampened the immune system

Reduces production of cytokines, both in age and acquired immune response is compromised, promotes apoptosis of lymphocytes

Cortisol can be used to suppress the immune system when necessary for example hydrocortisone poison ivy

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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