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human infectious diseases > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a virus

A

A capsule with protien with genetic information

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2
Q

Why are viruses obligate parasites

A

Need a host to reproduce

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3
Q

4 key components of a virus

A

Genome
Capsid (protien)
Envelope
Enzymes

Not found in all viruses

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4
Q

Where does the virus get the envelope

A

Takes membrane from host cell

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5
Q

Function of enzyme for virus

A

Help manipulate cell

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6
Q

What are capsid made up of

A

Individual protiens and can be found in various shapes

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7
Q

What are spikes

A

Envelopes are generally host cell membranes with a few viral proteins stuck in. These viral proteins are called spikes

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8
Q

Helical capsid

A

A long tube of nucleic acids

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9
Q

Icosahedral capsid

A

Sort of a diamond shaped proteins, at the corners are where spike protiens are found

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10
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Bullet like capsule of protien at the top and then a stem

Used to introduce genes to bacteria

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11
Q

Envelope viruses

A

Look pouch like or round

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12
Q

Viruses can have genomes made up of either

A

RNA or DNA

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13
Q

If viruses intereste into the genome of the host what do they need to do

A

They have to create DNA to do that

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14
Q

It a virus needs to make proteins they need

A

RNA to do that

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15
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA to DNA to RNA to protein

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16
Q

Can viruses sustain their own life

A

No

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17
Q

How does virus replicate

A
  1. Dock onto surface cell
  2. Enter cell
  3. Replicate
  4. Get out of cell
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18
Q

Docking

A

Protien spikes on outside of virus match receptors on cell

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19
Q

Receptors on HIV

A

CD4
CCR5

Some people don’t have CCR5 receptors so they are more resistant to HIV

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20
Q

Host range

A

Cell types and species that a virus can infect

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21
Q

Why can we get swine flu

A

We have similar receptors to pigs

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22
Q

Virus entry and uncoating

A

As the virus enters the cell it sheds the envelope

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23
Q

Goal of the virus during synthesis

A

Reproduce viral genome to package into new viruses

Make proteins for new capsid, spikes, etc

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24
Q

Method of viral synthesis

A

Virus is inside cell
Synthesizes new genome, new capsid protein, new spikes
Uses recourses from cell like viral ribosomes, hosts amino acids, other enzymes in order to reproduce

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25
Q

Asssemvly phase of virus

A

Mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts

Happens spontaneously and sloppily

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26
Q

Two ways assembled viruses leave their host

A

Non enveloped viruses reach maturation in the cell and are released when the cell ruptures

Enveloped viruses bud from the membranes of the cytoplasm nucleus endoppasmic reticulum or vesicles (cell doesn’t always have to die just buds off

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27
Q

Why does cell die with a virus

A

Virus steals so many of its nurturers so cell can’t survive

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28
Q

Syncytia

A

Cells may join together to make large multi nucleated cells to try and survive a virus (doesn’t work)

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29
Q

Why do some viruses cause cancer

A

Virus changes the way the cell reproduces (size function reproduction)

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30
Q

Persistent infections

A

Cells are converted to long lasting virus factories

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31
Q

Provirus

A

Viral DNA can be incorporated into the host genome

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32
Q

Latent virus

A

Virus can remain latent in host cell cytoplasm, waitin for an oppurtunity to break out and cause a new infection

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33
Q

I Covid used

A

Viruses that induce cellular reproduction

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34
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

Can carry genes from one bacterium to another

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35
Q

Common colds are most often caused by

A

Rhino virus
Or
Corona virus

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36
Q

Most antiviral drugs inhibit

A

One part of the life cycle (inhibitors, protease inhibitors)

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37
Q

Best medicine for viruses

A

Prevention and vaccines

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38
Q

Varicella zoster virus

A

Chicken pox

39
Q

Varicella zoster virus come from what

A

Genital and and oral herpes

40
Q

If Varicella zoster virus remains latent in the nerves then it can

A

Re-emerge in life in about 20% of patients which causes shingles

41
Q

Why do viruses live in the nerves

A

They can just stay there because our bodies won’t destroy nerve cells

42
Q

What’s used to treat shingles

A

Acyclovir

43
Q

Complications of shingles

A

Can result in chronic nerve pain in the affected area

44
Q

Dermatones

A

An area of skin served by a single peripheral nerve

45
Q

Variola virus

A

Small pox

46
Q

Variola virus symptoms

A

High fever, lesions appear first in mouth then everywhere, after 2 weeks lesions crust over, permanent scarring or death

47
Q

What is the only completely eradicate disease so far

A

Small pox (variola virus) because of small pox

48
Q

Rabies host range

A

Very wide r

49
Q

Rabies transmission

A

Through saliva of animals

50
Q

How does rabies virus move

A

Replicates at the site of the bite then moved up the nerves

51
Q

Post exposure prophylaxis

A

One dose of human rabies immuno globin and rabies vaccine given on the day of the rabies exposure

52
Q

HSV-1

A

Causes oral herpes or cold sores

Half people are estimated to have HSV one infection, sub clinical or otherwise

53
Q

HSV-2

A

Causes genital herpes

54
Q

Symptoms of Ebola

A

Flu like symptoms followed by vomiting diarrhea and rash. Advanced and deadly cases include organ failure bleeding from membranes bloody diarrhea vomit cough

55
Q

Reston Ebola virus

A

Non pathogenic to humans though hazardous to some monkeys

56
Q

Transmission of Ebola

A

First case of Ebola virus is believed to have been zoonotic passed from the blood meat or fluid from an infected animal

57
Q

All the first vaccination efforts attributed to which virus

A

Small pox

58
Q

Each outbreak of Ebola is a different…

A

Strain, with its own features

59
Q

In order to infect cells HIV requires

A

Call receptors, rare dividual‘s are immune

60
Q

HIV infections in the US in the 1980s led to adoption of what

A

Universal precautions in hospital settings including retractable needles

61
Q

What is the main target for the HIV virus

A

Helper T cells, along with some macrophages, a few other cells in the body

62
Q

Why are helper T cells targeted by HIV

A

Because helper T cells are required to drive other adaptive immune responses, when helper T cells levels decline, immune responses is crippled, including memory

63
Q

To become infected with HIV you must be

A

Exposed to the virus and the virus must get to the lymph or blood rather quickly

64
Q

What does it mean when we say HIV is not very resilient

A

It cannot live in surfaces or survive decontamination well. It also can’t survive on a living surface such as the skin for very long

65
Q

Upon entry the HIV infection infects

A

Many T cells and macrophages

66
Q

HIV uses macrophages as what

A

A Trojan horse to gain access to the T cells in lymph nodes

67
Q

Intitial the viremia and a cute flu like symptoms result from what (HIV)

A

Infection of mucus producing tissue (especially G.I. tract, vaginal mucosa) occurs as well

68
Q

Majority of HIV cells go into a ____. Infection

A

Latent so the patient is asympotmaric for months

69
Q

Why is HIV a retrovirus

A

Transcribes it’s genome reversally

70
Q

Long term non progressives

A

Effective immune response to HIV

71
Q

AIDS

A

Fewer than 200 helper T CELLS

Get more opportunistic infections Cuz less T cells there to fight off

72
Q

Berlin patient

A

Cured their own HIV

73
Q

acute viral gastroenteritis

A

Rapid onset
Swelling

A description of symptoms basically saying the virus is causing these symptoms

74
Q

Norovirus

A

RNA virus most common

75
Q

Rotavirus

A

Gastrointestinal virus in children

But vaccine is available

76
Q

Norovirus

A

Small infectious dose
Very hardy- can survive so fomites

Main risk is dehydration

77
Q

Mumps

A

Viral infection of the salivary glands

78
Q

Transmission of mumps

A

Spreads through infected saliva
Mumps virus enters the nose or mouth
Replicates in the upper respiratory tract
Releases in saliva almost a week before symptoms develop
Enters the bloodstream to infect salivary glands

79
Q

Parotitis

A

Inflammation of the parotid salivary glands

80
Q

IGMs are better for detection of mumps because

A

Can detect more quickly

81
Q

Hepatitis

A

Swollen liver
Caused by many dif viruses

These viruses vary in viral family, epidimiology, what United them is they cause hepatitis

82
Q

Mechanism of hepatitis

A

Hepatitis virus multiplies within intestinal cells
Virions enter the bloodstream
Inflammation develops and liver function is impaired
Bilirubin removal is limited
Causes yellowing of the skin

83
Q

Sclera

A

Yellowing of skin

84
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Single stranded RNA

Picornaviridae family

85
Q

Transmission of hepatitis A

A

Viral particles are most concentrated in the feces two weeks before symptoms develops, remains infectious per month outside of the body, HAV is infected by high temperature

86
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Double stranded enveloped DNA virus

Hepadnaviridae family

87
Q

Transmission of hepatitis B

A

Direct contact with bodily fluid

Accidental through percutaneous exposures

88
Q

HBV signs and symptoms

A

Can cause ache infection

Long incubation time

89
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Caused by HBv

90
Q

Hepatitis C

A

single stranded enveloped RNA virus

Flavivridae family

91
Q

Transmission of HCV

A

Blood and bodily fluid

Vertical transmission

92
Q

Why is HCV silent killer

A

Chronic symptoms usually not diagnosed until one ha serious liver problems

93
Q

Hepatitis D and E

A

Concern in developing countries

94
Q

Hepatitis D requires coinfection with

A

Hepatitis B to be transmitted, though not clear why

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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