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human infectious diseases > Infectious organisms- bacteria > Flashcards

Infectious organisms- bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Exercising anaerobically

A

Exercising without oxygen. You would do some sort of high intensity training— body runs out of oxygen temporarily and has to resort to fermentation

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2
Q

Why is aenerobic respiration less efficient for metabolism

A

Produces less ATP per glucose molecule

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3
Q

What is the key dif between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

A

Wether or not oxygen is used

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4
Q

What are bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cells
No nucleus at all
Everything floats around without compartmentalizations

Bacteria and archaea

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Us, plants, fungi, etc

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells have

A 
Cell wall 
Cell envelope 
Protiens 
Nucleic acids 
Ribosomes

Condensed region of DNA! NueclOID

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7
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Slime layers outside of cell walls
Can help form biofilms
Can help resist antibiotic
Make the bacteria more virulent (more able to cause disease)

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8
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

One very king molecule that encloses entire cell

Gives cell rigidity and structural support

Cell must maintain or it it can unravel like a sweater

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9
Q

Gram positive vs gram negative cell walls have what in common

A

Made of the same thing- peptitoglycan (complex sugar)

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10
Q

Cell envelope

A

Similar to cytoplasmic/cell membrane except that it has lipopylsaccharide among the phoshpholipids

If it’s released it triggers endotoxins and immune responses

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11
Q

Inside bacterial cells

A

No nucleus

Ribosomes in cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Various specialized compartments

Plasmids and bacterial chromosomes usually in a condensed structure

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12
Q

The nucleoid

A

One big circle of DNA

Bound together by proteins

Forms chromosomes called domains

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13
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Composed of long protein filaments and provides support and structure

Similar to eukaryotic cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

BITH consist of 2 subunits but the density is different

Bacterial ribosomes have a density of 70S, eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S

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15
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Distinct collections of substances inside prokaryotic cells

Insoluble granules

Sometimes bound in a membrane

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16
Q

Examples of inclusion bodies

A

Carboxysomes- contain carbon fixing enzymes

Magnetosomes- accumulate magnetic iron

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17
Q

Specialized structure of bacteria attachment in prokaryotic cells

A

Pili are made of pilin protein

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18
Q

Fimbriae

A

Attachment to Lili attache cells to surfaces

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19
Q

Conjugation pilus

A

Facilitates transfer of DNA between cells

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20
Q

Stalks

A

Membranous extensions of cytoplasm that secrete cytoplasm that secrete adhesion factors

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21
Q

Specialized structure of bacteria survival

A

Endoscores

Dormant bodies
Produced by some bacteria (bacillus, sporoearcina)

Life involves 2 phases: vegetative cell and endospore inside

Environmental conditions induce sporulation

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22
Q

Sporulation is triggered by what

A

Environmental conditions like a lack of carbon or nitrogen

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23
Q

Sporulation will begin and is complete in

A

6-8 hours

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24
Q

Endospores can withstand

A 
Hear 
Drying 
Radiation 
Freezing 
Chemicals 
Harsh
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25
Q

Does disinfection kill endospores

A

No

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26
Q

Specialized structures of bacteria for adaptation

A

Thylakoids- allow them to photosynthesise

Gas vesicles- aquatic bacteria inflate/deflate for buoyancy

Storage granules- storage of nutrients such as sulfur, phosphate, or PHA

Magnetosomes
Allows them to pursue things that are magnetic

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27
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shaped

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28
Q

Escherichia coli abbreviated to what

A

E. coli

Capitalized to not capitalized

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29
Q

Cocci (coccus)

A

Spherical cells

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30
Q

Vibrio

A

Comma shaped

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31
Q

Stella

A

Star shaped

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32
Q

Spirochetes

A

Spiral shaped, corkscrew motion

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33
Q

Spirrilum

A

Twisted like a cheese puff

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34
Q

Branching filaments

A

Filamentous shaped

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35
Q

Diplococcus

A

Two paired coccus

36
Q

Strepdococcus

A

Chain of circular bacterium

37
Q

Staphylococci

A

Group or cluster or circle shaped bacterium

38
Q

Palisades

A

Largest organization for bacillus like lined up pills

39
Q

Other shapes for bacterium

A 
Spirochete 
Stella (star) 
Filamentous 
Pleomorphic (blobs)
Spirochete
40
Q

Most bacteria are between ___ microns

A

1-2

41
Q

All bacteria have

A 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes 
Cytoskeleton
Nucleoid/chromosome
42
Q

Bacteria a more diverse in the way they obtain nutrients:

A

All living cells must get carbon from the environment.

But bacteria can be autotroph or heterotrophs

43
Q

Autotroph

A

Created complex carbon molecules from CO2

44
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Take in complex carbon molecules from the environment

45
Q

Phototroph

A

Organism creates something- light absorption captures energy

46
Q

Chemotroph

A

Chemical electron donors are oxidized

47
Q

Lithotroph

A

Inorganic molecules donate electrons (iron, plasma, etc) molecules

48
Q

Organotropj

A

Organic molecules donate electron

49
Q

Every single bacteria is a heterotrophs because (in class)

A

All need something from environment

50
Q

Saprobes

A

(Detrivores): feed one nutrients from dead organisms, decaying matters

51
Q

Parasites:

A

Microorganisms that derive nutrients from living hosts

52
Q

Obligate parasites

A

Food sources can sometimes be substituted with other stuff (nutrient agar) but some microbes won’t eat ourside cells (obligate parasites)

53
Q

In hypotonic solutions (fresh water) cells need to

A

Manage water rushing in

54
Q

In hypertonic solutions (salt water) cells need to

A

Keep their water from rushing out

55
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules

56
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The effect on the membrane when water moves in or out of the cell

57
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Water enters and exits in a free and balanced way

58
Q

How do cells deal with osmotic pressure

A

Their cell wall makes them more resistant to water moving in

Still vulnerable to water leave the cell

59
Q

Mesophile

A

What most bacteria are

Survive at the same optimum temp as humans

60
Q

Thermofile

A

Organisms that survive well in high temps

61
Q

Psychotroph

A

Low temp tolerant

62
Q

Psychofile

A

Can survive well in extremely cold temps (survive in antartjca)

63
Q

Why might body initiate fever to fight infection

A

The bacterial function rapidly drops off at higher temp

We have a heat response because it’s more effective to denaturing and killing bacteria than when bacteria are in cold temps

64
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Must have oxygen to survive

65
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Use a little bit of oxygen but don’t grow at normal o2 levels

Many blood and GItrwcy dwelling microbes

66
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Do not require oxygen but use it when it’s present

Many intestinal microbes

67
Q

Anaerobes

A

Cannot use oxygen, some die in its pretense

Many oral and intestinal bacteria

68
Q

Fluid thioglycolsye medium

A

Create a gradient of oxygen concentration to help us determine the oxygen preference of bacterial species

Where the bacteria grow in he tube indicates which kind of bacteria they are

(If they grow at the top they are aerobes— need or thrive wirh oxygen)

69
Q

If the bacteria is growing in the middle of the tube

A

Somewhere between aenorbic and aerobic

70
Q

Humans have a narrow PH tolerance

A

We like our cells to be at PH 7.2-7.4

71
Q

UV rays and X rays effect on bacteria

A

Kill most of them

72
Q

Most bacteria live in groups or on their own

A

Mostly on their own

73
Q

As a group how do bacteria form

A

Colonies

Biofilms

74
Q

Prokaryotic Bacteria reproduce by what

A

Binary fission

75
Q

Binary fission

A

DNA is copied
Cell grows
Copied chromosome is drawn to opposite ends of the cell
Septum begins to form at midpoint
Septum eventually walls off the resulting two daughter cells from one another

76
Q

Bacterial growth is not logorithmic its

A

Exponential

77
Q

At wht rate does bacteria grow

A

2x every generation

78
Q

Bacteria won’t grow forever because

A

They get crowded

Run out of nutrients

Run out of gases

Interactions with others can be limiting (competitive) or enabling to growth

79
Q

Lag phase to log phase to stationary phase (plateau)

A

Newly inoculated broth and add a single bacterium, reproduces at its most rapid phase but then it eventually slows down to the plateau

80
Q

Last stage of bacterial growth

A

Senescence

Endospores may form, they mainly die off

81
Q

Direct methods of counting bacteria

A

Plating methods
Growth series
Serial dilution

Flow through
Manual counting

82
Q

Indirect methods of studying bacteria

A

Turbidity based methods
Fluorescence based methods
PCR based methods

83
Q

PCR testing

A

Method of testing nucleic acids

84
Q

Benefits of biofilms

A

Immune cells can’t penetrate

Antibiotics can’t penetrate

Biofilm enhances sharing of virulence plasmids

85
Q

Why must we dilute samples

A

To get individual colonies

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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