2.2-Design influences, styles and movements

Question 1

Arts and Crafts (1850-1900) KEY POINT-traditional crafts rather than machines
Influences

Answer 1

-a reaction to the loss of traditional skills and overuse of ornamentation that was perceived to have resulted from the Industrial Revolution, as personified by the Great Exhibition of 1851

Question 2

Arts and Crafts (1850-1900) KEY POINT-traditional crafts rather than machines
Inspirations

Answer 2

-medieval craft guilds, simplicity, natural forms and the beauty of timber

Question 3

Arts and Crafts (1850-1900) KEY POINT-traditional crafts rather than machines
Features

Answer 3

• ‘honest’, handmade, traditional methods such as pegged mortise and tenon joints
• the beauty of materials such as the grain and figure of oak clearly displayed
• the use of patterned, natural forms on tiles, wallpaper and textiles

Question 4

Arts and Crafts (1850-1900) KEY POINT-traditional crafts rather than machines
Designers

Answer 4

• William Morris
• Charles Voysey
• Richard Norman Shaw

Question 5

Art Deco (1925-1939) KEY POINT-popular modernism with exotic influences
Influences and inspiration

Answer 5

• the end of ww1, aspirational consumers, popularity of travel and growth of mass production
• the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922
• the Paris Exhibition of 1925
• a range of international styles such as Egyptian temples, Aztec motifs and African carvings

Question 6

Art Deco (1925-1939) KEY POINT-popular modernism with exotic influences
Features

Answer 6

• Ziggurat, stepped decorations and building styles such as New York skyscrapers
• Sunburst motifs, often found as decorations and ratio grille designs
• stylised, geomterical form of products, from jewellery to furniture, contrasting with Art Nouvea

Question 7

Art Deco (1925-1939) KEY POINT-popular modernism with exotic influences
Designers

Answer 7

• Clarice Cliff
• Eileen Gray
• René Lalique
• Walter Dorwin Teague

Question 8

Modernism-Bauhaus (1919-1933) KEY POINT-machine aesthetic approach to ‘Form follows function’
Influences and inspiration

Answer 8

• post ww1 idealism, abolition of censorship, Art’s and Crafts’ views on form and fuction
• ww1 industrial methods and materials
• geometrically pure forms, as also influenced by Art Deco

Question 9

Modernism-Bauhaus (1919-1933) KEY POINT-machine aesthetic approach to ‘Form follows function’
Features

Answer 9

• founded as an art school by Walter Gropius and eventually closed due to pressure from Nazis
• the course covered materials, form, metalwork, furniture design, architecture, graphics and more
• principle-form follows funtion (aesthetics are dictated by the way a product works), rejecting the liberal use of decoration, such as natural forms of Art Noveau
• embraced mass production to created ‘everyday products for everyday people’, using modern materials e.g. tubular steel, contrasting with the Arts and Crafts movement
• Marcel Breuer’s chairs typify its functional, ornament-free, ‘machine aesthetic’ approach
• its work was criticised as the movement saw few of its designs being mass produced
• Marcel Breuer’s designs inspured others to design bent plywood furniture

Question 10

Modernism-Bauhaus (1919-1933) KEY POINT-machine aesthetic approach to ‘Form follows function’
Designers

Answer 10

• Walter Gropius
• Marcel Breuer
• Marianned Brandt
• Mies Van Der Rohe

Question 11

Post modernism-Memphis (1981-1988) KEY POINT-Less is a bore

Influences and inspirations

Answer 11

• a Milan-based collective of designers rebelling against the functionality of Modernism
• Art Deco and any other era, movement or design that interested them, from Pop art to children’s toys

Question 12

Post modernism-Memphis (1981-1988) KEY POINT-Less is a bore

Features

Answer 12

• playful, bold, bright, colourful, sculptural designs that often over looked functionality
• anthropomorphic (human like) and zoomorphic (animal like) features
• simplistic, abstract and often random juxtapositions of geometric forms, designed to shock
• a range of non-traditional materials such as plastic laminate, neon tubes and printed glass

Question 13

Post modernism-Memphis (1981-1988) KEY POINT-Less is a bore

Designers

Answer 13

• Ettore Sottsass
• Michele De Lucchi
• Martine Bedine

Question 14

What was the Arts and Crafts movement

Answer 14

A 19th century design movement that preferred traditional skills and beautiful materials to machine made products

Question 15

What as the Art Deco movement

Answer 15

A form of modernism employing a range of exotic influences to create popular designs

Question 16

What was modernism

Answer 16

A period, principally in the aftermath of ww1, when elaborately decorated design was rejected in favour of functionality

Question 17

What was the Bauhaus

Answer 17

An early 20th century German design school started by Walter Gropius

Question 18

What does form follows function mean

Answer 18

That the aesthetics of a product are dictated by the way it works

Question 19

What was post modernism

Answer 19

A late 20th century design style that rejected modernism as being boring

Question 20

What was the memphis movement

Answer 20

A late 20th century Italian Post Modern design collective, formed by Ettore Sottsass that set out to shock with playful, abstract product designs that were often lacking in practicality