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BIO 211 > Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

production of an offspring by fusion of a male haploid gamete (sperm) and female haploid gamete (egg) to form a diploid zygote; typically by meiosis

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

production of an offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm and whose genes all come from one parent; typically by mitosis

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3
Q

Gamete

A

(typically) haploid cell involved in sexual reproduction (sperm, egg)

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4
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg, (typically) diploid cell produced by fusion of sperm and egg

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5
Q

Fertilization

A

process of uniting haploid gametes to produce a diploid cell

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6
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which females produce off-spring that develop from unfertilized eggs

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7
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

an individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs

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8
Q

Conditions that are advantageous for asexual organisms

A

Stable environment and dispersal

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9
Q

Advantages of internal fertilization

A

ensuring paternity, less risk of desiccation of sperm/eggs, species-specific modifications that ensure mating success

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10
Q

External fertilization

A

Fertilization outside the female reproductive tract, females and males both release gametes into the environment where gametes unite

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11
Q

Internal fertilization

A

Fertilization inside the female reproductive tract, male deposits sperm in the female reproductive tract where gametes unite

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12
Q

Typically, animals that fertilize eggs internally produce _____ eggs than those with external fertilization, but a _____ number of zygotes survive

A

fewer; higher

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13
Q

Mammalian reproduction

A

sexual reproduction with internal fertilization

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14
Q

Penis

A

passageway for both urine and semen (sperm plus seminal fluid)

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15
Q

Testes

A

produce sperm and hormones

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16
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

nourish the sperm with a fructose-rich fluid; secrete ~60% of the total ejaculate volume

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17
Q

Urethra

A

serves to transport the sperm during an ejaculation; runs the length of the penis

18
Q

Prostate gland

A

a golf-ball-sized gland at the base of the bladder and it secretes a milky fluid with enzymes and sugars

19
Q

Vas deferens

A

transports sperm and stores sperm (for as long as several months)

20
Q

Epididymis

A

serves as a storage area and final maturation center for sperm

21
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

process by which sperm are formed

22
Q

Spermatogenesis produce gametes by meiosis in the

A

seminiferous tubules

23
Q

GnRH causes the release of

A

FSH and LH

24
Q

Spermatogenesis process

A
  1. GnRH secreted
  2. FSH and LH released
  3. Testes secrete testosterone
  4. Spermatogonia (2n) in testes divide by mitosis (2n) then meiosis (1n) to differentiate into spermatocytes
  5. Spermatids (1n) mature into sperm cells (1n) in seminiferous tubules and epididymis
25
Q

Ovaries

A

small, almond-shaped organs that lie in the pelvic cavity; produce both eggs and hormones

26
Q

Ovum

A

unfertilized egg

27
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

lead from the ovaries to the uterus; fertilization usually takes place here

28
Q

Uterus

A

the womb where fetal development occurs

29
Q

endometrium

A

where implantation of the embryo will take place

30
Q

cervix

A

neck of the uterus

31
Q

Vagina

A

a muscular canal that leads from the uterus to the exterior of the body; serves as the birth canal

32
Q

Clitoris

A

derived from the same tissues as the penis and produces sexual pleasure

33
Q

Oogenesis

A

process by which eggs are formed

34
Q

Oogenesis process

A
  1. GnRH secreted
  2. FSH and LH released
  3. Ovaries secrete estrogen
  4. One primary oocyte (2n) within one ovarian follicle completes meiosis I
  5. Meiosis II produces the secondary oocyte (1n)
  6. Secondary oocyte completes meiosis II only if fertilized by a sperm
35
Q

oocyte

A

a cell in an ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum

36
Q

4 Differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

A
  1. Sperm continually produced; females are born with all the eggs they will ever have
  2. Oogenesis contains long “resting periods” in meiosis I and meiosis II; no resting periods in spermatogenesis
  3. 4 sperm produced by spermatogenesis; only one ovum produced by oogenesis
  4. Cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis producing one ovum and two polar bodies from each oogonium; cytokinesis is equal in spermatogenesis
37
Q

How long after fertilization does implantation occur?

A

7 days

38
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

deep voices in males; breasts in females

39
Q

Result of aging

A

a negative feedback to the pituitary and hypothalamus causes levels of FSH and LH to decline

40
Q

Decline in FSH and LH causes:

A

Males: climacteric
Females: menopause

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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