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BIO 211 > Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of information processing

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor output
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2
Q

Integration happens where?

A

Central nervous system

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3
Q

Motor output happens where?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

Neurons

A

the nerve cells that transfer information within the body

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5
Q

Most of a neuron’s organelles, including its

nucleus, are located in the….

A

cell body

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6
Q

brain

A

Organ of the central nervous system where

information is processed and integrated.

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7
Q

ganglia

A

A cluster (functional group) of nerve cell bodies

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8
Q

dendrite

A

One of usually numerous, short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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9
Q

axon

A

A typically long extension, or process, of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells

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10
Q

synapse

A

The junction where a neuron communicates with another cell across a narrow gap via a neurotransmitter or an electrical coupling.

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11
Q

neurotransmitter

A

A molecule that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response

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12
Q

glia (glial cells)

A

Cells of the nervous system that support, regulate, and augment the functions of neurons

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13
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A nerve cell that receives information from the internal or external environment and transmits signals to the central nervous system

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

An association neuron; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with sensory and/or motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor output

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15
Q

Motor neuron

A

A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.

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16
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system where signal integration occurs; in vertebrate animals, the brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect to the

central nervous system.

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18
Q

membrane potential

A

The difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell’s plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane
movement of all charged substances

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19
Q

resting potential

A

The membrane potential characteristic of a nonconducting excitable cell, with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside.

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20
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

21
Q

ion channels

A

A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.

22
Q

Myelination speeds up _______

A

action potential

23
Q

Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?

A

Brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage gated sodium channels

24
Q

equilibrium potential

A

The magnitude of a cell’s membrane voltage at equilibrium; calculated using the Nernst equation.

25
Q

voltage-gated ion channel

A

A specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential

26
Q

hyperpolarization

A

A change in a cell’s membrane potential such that the inside of the membrane becomes more negative relative to the outside. Hyperpolarization reduces the
chance that a neuron will transmit a nerve impulse.

27
Q

depolarization

A

A change in a cell’s membrane potential such that the inside of the membrane is made less negative relative to the outside. For example, a neuron membrane is depolarized if a stimulus decreases its voltage from the resting potential of - 70mV in the direction of zero voltage.

28
Q

action potential

A

An electrical signal thatpropagates (travels) along the membrane of a neuron or other excitable cell as a nongraded (all-or-none) depolarization.

29
Q

threshold

A

The potential that an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated.

30
Q

refractory period

A

The short time immediately after an action potential in which the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, owing to the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels.

31
Q

myelin sheath

A

Wrapped around the axon of a neuron, an insulating coat of cell membranes from Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes. It is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier, where action potentials are generated.

32
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

A type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

33
Q

Schwann cells

A

A type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

34
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

Gap in the myelin sheath of certain axons where an action potential may be generated. In saltatory conduction, an action potential is regenerated
at each node, appearing to “jump” along the
axon from node to node.

35
Q

saltatory conduction

A

Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an
axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.

36
Q

ligand-gated ion channel

A

A transmembrane protein containing a pore that
opens or closes as it changes shape in response
to a signaling molecule (ligand), allowing or
blocking the flow of specific ions; also called
an ionotropic receptor.

37
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic cell to generate an action potential.

38
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

An electrical change (usually hyperpolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes
it more difficult for a postsynaptic neuron to
generate an action potential.

39
Q

summation

A

A phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell is determined by the combined effect of EPSPs or IPSPs produced in rapid succession at one synapse or simultaneously at different synapses.

40
Q

acetylcholine

A

One of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to receptors and altering the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to specific ions, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane.

41
Q

neuropeptides

A

A relatively short chain of amino acids that serves as a neurotransmitter (ex: endorphins)

42
Q

endorphins

A

Any of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibit pain perception

43
Q

A shortage of acetylcholine is associated with….

A

Alzheimer’s disease

44
Q

biogenic amines (examples)

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

45
Q

Dopamine

A

associated with reward, reinforcement, how we feel pleasure; cocaine will stimulate this

46
Q

Norepinephrine

A

increases heart rate and blood pumping from the heart

47
Q

Serotonin

A

stabilizes our mood, feelings of well-being, and happiness; levels affected by LSD

48
Q

5 classes of neurotransmitters

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. amino acids
  3. biogenic amines
  4. neuropeptides
  5. gases
49
Q

GABA

A

Amino acid that operates at most inhibitory synapses of the brain

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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