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Exotic and Laboratory Animals > Bird husbandry, Anesthesia, blood collection, and special procedures, > Flashcards

Bird husbandry, Anesthesia, blood collection, and special procedures, Flashcards

1
Q

Avian enclosures should be what?

A

Spacious

Minimum size would allow the bird to spread its wings without touching the sides of the cage

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2
Q

Avian housing should be ____ than ____

A

Wider than taller

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3
Q

Why is galvanized metals not ideal for material for cages?

A

Because it contains zinc and can be toxic if indigested

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4
Q

What substrates are inexpensive, safe and do not promote growth of pathogens?

A

Newspaper or paper towels

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5
Q

Where should the avian enclosure be located in the house?

A

A draft-free area
Out of direct sunlight
Where the family routinely congregates

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6
Q

What is the ideal environmental temperature range?

A

61 and 81 degree F

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7
Q

What is the ideal humidity level range for birds?

A

30% to 70%

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8
Q

What helps decrease the potential for bumblefoot?

A

Varying sizes, textures and irregularly shaped perches decrease the pressure placed on any one point of the foot

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9
Q

Pellets should comprise what percentage of the diet and fresh fruits and veggies comprise what percentage?

A

Pellets = 70%

Fresh fruits and veggies = 30%

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10
Q

What nutritional supplement should also be available for birds?

A

Calcium source (Cuttlefish bone or calcium block)

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11
Q

What human foods may be toxic to birds because they are too high in salts and sugars?

A

Chocolate

Avacado

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12
Q

What diet causes health problems due to deficiencies and imbalances?

A

All-seed diets

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13
Q

What are options for identification in birds?

A

Computer chip

Leg band

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14
Q

What may be used for radiographs or microchip implantation or in situations where both hands may be needed to perform complicated tasks?

A

Restraint board

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15
Q

What is a great way to restrain macaws or other birds that have fragile facial skin that bruises easily with traditional restraint methods?

A

Elizabethan hold

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16
Q

What do the droppings look like when a bird is stressed or excited?

A

May be mostly urine

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17
Q

What do the droppings of seedeaters look like?

A

Drier droppings

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18
Q

What does the urine or urates look like?

A

Urine is clear and the urates can appear white to pale tan

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19
Q

What are infections are presented as proliferative growths on the beak and feet?

A

Knemidokoptes spp

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20
Q

What is a good indicator of overall health?

A

Feather condition

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21
Q

What are sometimes found that represent a period of malnutrition or stress while the feathers were developing?

A

Stress bars

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22
Q

What do stress bars look like?

A

Symmetrical and segmental malformations in the barbs and barbules

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23
Q

Some species of birds are sexually dimorphic, but the majority of species, males and females look identical. How do you determine sex?

A

Endoscope or DNA testing

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24
Q

What are technician tasks for birds?

A

Beak trimming
Wing trimming
Nail trimming

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25
Q

In what species are overgrowth of beaks common?

A

Psittacine

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26
Q

What are possible causes of beak trimming?

A

Malocclusion or liver disease

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27
Q

How do you restrain a bird for a beak trimming?

A

Bird is restrained in upright position

Person trimming holds beak closed with one hand and applies the Dremel with the other

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28
Q

What does wing trimming decrease the ability of?

A

Flying

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29
Q

Which feathers should be trimmed and which feathers should not be trimmed?

A

Selectively trim some of the primary and secondary feathers.
Always trim symmetrically for balance
Never trim a blood feather

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30
Q

What SQ injection site is preferred in birds?

A

Inguinal region

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31
Q

How much fluids can you administer in the Inguinal region?

A

5 to 10 mL/kg/site

32
Q

Which muscle is commonly used for IM injections?

A

Pectoral muscles

33
Q

What size needle should be used for IM injections and how much fluid can be administered?

A

26-25 gauge needle and 0.2 to 0.3 mLs

34
Q

Where can IO catheters be placed and where can they not be placed?

A

Can be placed in any bone that has a marrow cavity (distal ulna & proximal tibia)
Cannot be placed in pneumatic bones (humerus, femur)

35
Q

Why can pneumatic bones not be used for IO catheter placement?

A

The communicate with the respiratory system

36
Q

What is an excellent site for blood collection in birds?

A

Medial metatarsal vein

37
Q

What side of the jugular vein is more prominent?

A

Right

38
Q

How much blood can be collected in healthy and unhealthy birds?

A 
Healthy = 1%
Unhealthy = 0.5%
39
Q

What is placed in patients with tracheal or syingeal obstruction?

A

Air Sac Cannula

40
Q

What does the air sac cannula bypass?

A

The obstructed upper airway and enter the airway via the caudal thoracic or abdominal air sac

41
Q

When should you not give a bird oral medications?

A

If they are regurgitating, poor reflexes or oral trauma

42
Q

When should you not gavage a patient?

A

Crop stasis, GI impacts or reduced motility or absorption

43
Q

What are anesthesia machine requirements for birds?

A

An out of circuit vaporizer and non-rebreathing circuit

44
Q

What should be empty in preparation for anesthesia?

A

The crop

45
Q

Why should birds not be fasted for more than 2 to 3 hours?

A

Due to their high metabolic rate and poor hepatic glycogen storage

46
Q

What parasympathetic agents are contraindicated in birds?

A

Atropine and glycopyrolate

47
Q

What are certain parasympathetic agents contraindicated?

A

Because they tend to thicken the salivary, tracheal and bronchial secretions

48
Q

What drugs reduce anxiety but do not have any analgesic properties?

A

Benzodiazepines

Diazepam & midazolam

49
Q

What analgesic is used?

A

Butorphanol

50
Q

What is the ideal fluid rate in birds?

A

10mg/kg

51
Q

Besides IO catheters, where is the optimal IV catheter placement sites?

A 
The wing (cutaneous ulnar vein)
Leg (medial metatarsal)
52
Q

When inducing anesthesia in birds what is the ideal setting for the vaporizer and oxygen flow rate during induction and then what do you decrease the vaporizer to?

A

Induction vaporizer = 3% to 4%
Oxygen flow rate = 4-5 liters/min
Decrease vaporizer to 2% to 3%

53
Q

What can occur in birds if the cuffs of endotracheal tubes are inflated?

A

Tracheal necrosis

54
Q

If the patient presents with a tracheal obstruction what can be placed so anesthesia can be administered?

A

Air sac cannula

55
Q

What is the amount of pressure that is appied to birds

A

Between 5 to 8 cm H2O

56
Q

What is the ideal respiratory rate of birds under anesthesia?

A

40 breaths/min

57
Q

What is normal body temperature in birds?

A

105 degree F to 112 degree F

58
Q

What is the standard whole body views for birds?

A

VD and right lateral

59
Q

What is often done when abnormalities are indicated in radiographic images?

A

GI contrast Study

60
Q

For a GI contrast study, in what position can the bird be placed to reduce the possibility of aspiration of barium from the crop?

A

Elevated on the restraint board during positioning

61
Q

What cannot penetrate the gas-filled air sacs throughout the bird’s body?

A

Ultrasound waves

62
Q

What type of bandage is used when a patient has a fracture or soft tissue injury distal to the elbow or when a wing needs to be stabilized with an IO catheter?

A

Figure 8 bandage

63
Q

When placing a body wrap to stabilize the figure 8 bandage, care must be taken as not to place tension on what body part that can cause inadequate breathing?

A

Keel

64
Q

What style e-collars can be used but may not be effective at keeping the bird from reaching the back half of its body?

A

Bubble-style

65
Q

What are the complications from e-collar placement?

A

Trouble eating & drinking
Trouble with balance & navigating around its normal environment
Pressure sores or abrasions from the collar

66
Q

Direct smears of bird feces are used for detection of what protozoa?

A

Giardia

67
Q

Fecal floatation is needed to detect what?

A

Helminths that are extremely rare in pet birds

68
Q

What should be performed to detect yeast and bacteria?

A

Gram stain

69
Q

Grain and fruit-eating psittacines should have what kind of flora?

A

Gram-positive with potentially some yeast

70
Q

What will Carnivorous or insectivorous Passeriformes, raptors, galliformes, and anseriformes have in their cloaca?

A

Some gram-negative

71
Q

What will demonstrate the presence of organisms in the sinuses of birds?

A

A sample from the choana

72
Q

What is performed to obtain a cytology sample that represents the organisms of the sinuses?

A

Nasal flush

73
Q

What is performed when tracheal or lower-respiratory system pathology is suspected?

A

Tracheal wash

74
Q

In birds, what cell is functionally equivalent to the neutrophil?

A

Heterophil

75
Q

What do heterophils do?

A

They have distinct eosinphilic granules in their cytoplasm

76
Q

Unlike mammalian RBCs what do the bird RBCs look like?

A

Nucleated

Exotic and Laboratory Animals (22 decks)

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