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NUTRITION > CHAPTER 1: VITAMINS, MINERALS, ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: VITAMINS, MINERALS, ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of a carb?

A

i. Provide energy
ii. Regulate fat and protein metabolism
iii. Cardiac and central nervous system functioning

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2
Q

What does fiber do and how many grams of fiber should women and men have a day?

A

adds bulk to feces, increases peristalsis and decreases the r/f cancer; 25 G/DAY (FEMALE) 38 G/DAY (MALES

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3
Q

What is the function of a protein?

A

Tissue building, metabolism, immune function, neutral nitrogen balance
i. Also, super important for wound healing

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4
Q

What are 2 examples of protein energy malnutrition conditions?

A

i. Kwashiorkor

ii. Marasmus

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5
Q

What is a sign of a protein deficiency?

A

ankle edema

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6
Q

What education should you provide to overweight patients?

A

i. Limit MEAT intake to 5oz per day!!
ii. Egg yolks to 3x per week
iii. Cheeses with 3 grams of fat max
iv. 2 grams of saturated fat max

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7
Q

What is the function of fats?

A

stored energy, padding insulation, hormone production, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

What should cholesterol limits be in a day?

A

limited to 200-300 mg/day

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9
Q

What is vitamin B1 and its function?

A

thiamin; helps convert food into energy and is critical in nerve function

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10
Q

What is vitamin B2 and its function?

A

riboflavin; helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, hair, blood and brain

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11
Q

What is vitamin B3 and its function?

A

niacin; helps convert food into energy and is essential for healthy nervous system

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12
Q

What is vitamin B6 and its function?

A

pyridoxine; helps make RBCs and improves sleep, appetite and mood

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13
Q

What is vitamin B7 and its function?

A

biotin; helps convert food into energy and breaks down glucose

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14
Q

What is vitamin B9 and its function?

A

folate; vital for new cell creation and DNA synthesis - pregnant women must have adequate folic acid intake (fetal neural tube)

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15
Q

What is vitamin B12 and its function?

A

cobalamin; RBC maturation

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16
Q

_______ is carb, fat, and protein metabolism

A

Pantothenic Acid

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17
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A

tissue building, metabolism, and iron absorption***

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18
Q

What are some foods that contain a lot of vitamin C?

A
  • citrus fruits and juices
  • tomatoes
  • green leafy vegetables
  • peppers
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19
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin C deficiency and what is its s/sx?

A

scurvy; bleeding, joint pain, and swollen gums

may need to increase intake of Vitamin C during times of stress and illness or if you smoke

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20
Q

These vitamins are crucial to metabolism, energy and nerve functioning

A

B complex Vitamins

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21
Q

What are some foods that contain a lot of B complex vitamins?

A
  • meats
  • milk
  • enriched grains
  • whole grains
  • legumes or beans
  • green leafy vegetables
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22
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Beriberi; common in alcohol use disorder

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23
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B2 deficiency?

A
  • Cheilosis (cracking at corners of the mouth)

- Glossitis (smooth swollen red tongue)

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24
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B9 deficiency?

A

neural tube defects in utero

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25
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

pernicious anemia; vegans have problems getting enough B12

• Also, those lacking intrinsic factor in their gut and if you don’t have it you aren’t absorbing it

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26
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B3 deficiency?

A

pellagra (sun-sensitive lesions)

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27
Q

What risk do fat soluble vitamins carry?

A

risk of toxicity because they are stored in the body for a long time, so you can overdose of fat soluble

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28
Q

What conditions impair the absorption of fat soluble vitamins?

A

o Cystic Fibrosis
o Celiac Disease
o Crohn’s

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29
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

important in vision health, plays a role in skeletal and soft tissue development and strength

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30
Q

What foods contain a lot of vitamin A?

A
  • orange and yellow fruits and veggies (carrots, apricots, and cantaloupe)
  • fatty fish
  • eggs
  • liver
  • dairy products
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31
Q

A vitamin A deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?

A
  • vision issues

- xerophthalmia (dry or thickening cornea or conjunctiva)

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32
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A

super important in absorption of calcium and phosphorus, key role in bone mineralization

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33
Q

What is the best source of vitamin D?

A

sunlight

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34
Q

What foods contain a lot of vitamin D?

A
  • fortified milk
  • fatty fish
  • eggs
35
Q

A vitamin D deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?

A

rickets or bone loss

36
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A

serves as an antioxidant (protects cell from damage)

37
Q

What foods contain a lot of vitamin E?

A
  • fat containing foods (vegetable oil, nuts)
  • dark green vegetables
  • whole grains
38
Q

A vitamin E deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?

A

(rare) muscle pain, weakness, poor balance

39
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

A
  • blood clotting in the body

- bone maintenance

40
Q

What foods contain a lot of vitamin K?

A
  • dark green vegetables
  • carrots
  • eggs
41
Q

A vitamin K deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?

A

increased bleeding time

42
Q

What is the antidote for warfarin and coumadin?

A

vitamin K

43
Q

What is a s/sx of hyponatremia?

A
  • confusion (super common in elderly)
  • muscle cramping
  • fatigue
  • N/V
  • headache
44
Q

What is the function of sodium in the body?

A

maintenance of the fluid balance in the body as well as nerve and muscle function

45
Q

What are some sources of sodium?

A

salt and processed foods

46
Q

What is the function of potassium in the body?

A
  • maintains ICF (intracellular fluid balance)
  • nerve function
  • helps regulate muscle and heart contractions
47
Q

What are some good sources of potassium?

A
  • BANNANAS
  • POTATOS
  • TOMATOES
  • ORANGES
  • DRIED FRUIT
  • AVOCADOS
  • DARK GREEN VEGETABLES
48
Q

What is the function of chloride in the body?

A
  • digestion, maintain intracellular fluid balance

- extracellular fluid balance

49
Q

What is a source of chloride?

A

salt

50
Q

What is the function of calcium in the body?

A

super important for bone and teeth formation, nerve and muscle function, clotting, blood pressure

51
Q

What are some sources of calcium?

A
  • dairy products
  • dark green vegetables
  • fortified foods
  • almonds***
  • low fat yogurt
52
Q

What are some s/sx of hypermagnesia?

A

N/V, hypotension, muscle weakness, lethargy, respiratory and cardiac arrest (everything goes down)

53
Q

What are some s/sx of hypomagnesia?

A

dysthymias, tremors, seizures, confusion, and increased deep tendon reflexes (everything amps up)

54
Q

What is the function of magnesium in the body?

A
  • assist with nerve and muscle function
  • bone formation
  • critical for biochemical reactions
  • smooth muscle relaxation
55
Q

What are some sources of magnesium?

A
  • nuts
  • dark green vegetables
  • whole grains
  • meat and milk
56
Q

What is the function of phosphorus in the body?

A

bone and teeth formation (along with calcium)

57
Q

What are some sources of phosphorus?

A
  • dairy (cheese products)
  • dark green vegetables
  • meat
  • fish
  • eggs
  • legumes
58
Q

How much iodine is recommended daily?

A

100-150mg

59
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

help in synthesis of thyroxine (thyroid hormone)

- when its too low = goiter; when its too high = thyroid storm

60
Q

What are some sources of iodine?

A
  • table salt

- seafood

61
Q

What is the function of floride?

A

protects against cavities

62
Q

What are some sources of floride?

A

water

63
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

help make hemoglobin (component of RBC)

64
Q

What are some sources of iron?

A
  • meat (heme iron)
  • fish
  • grains
  • legumes (non-heme iron)
65
Q

What are some side effects of iron supplements?

A

▪ Constipation (increase fiber and fluid intake to compensate this)
▪ GI upset
▪ Tooth discoloration (if you take liquid preparations of iron so use a straw!)
** need more iron if pregnant, menstruating or those who are toddlers **

66
Q

What increases and decrease the absorption of iron?

A

vitamin C; calcium

67
Q

How do you give IM injections of iron?

A

Z tract method

68
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

immune function in the body

69
Q

What are some good sources of zinc?

A
  • nuts***
  • meat***
  • fortified cereal
  • beans***
70
Q

What is the recommended intake for water? What is the minimum intake for water?

A

2-3L/day; 1.5 L/day

** increase need if your an athlete, sick or in a hot climate **

71
Q

What is sensible fluid loss?

A

Can be measured:

▪ Urine, vomit

72
Q

What is insensible fluid loss?

A

Fluid loss from lungs, skin (sweating),respiratory tract, water excreted in the feces.

73
Q

Who is at a greater risk for dehydration?

A

older adults and children

74
Q

What are some s/sx of dehydration?

A

poor skin turgor, confusion, hypotension, decreased urine output, increased urine osmolality, dry mucous membranes, feeling thirsty

75
Q

What are some good sources of fiber?

A
  • oatmeal
  • bran
  • fatty meat
  • whole grains
  • fruits and seeds
  • fruits with skin (apples, bananas, etc.)
76
Q

What clinical manifestations are present in those with potassium imbalance?

A

EKG (dsyrhythmias)

77
Q

What clinical manifestations are present in those with magnesium imbalance?

A
  • seizure precautions
  • LOC
  • VS
78
Q

What are the NI for those with phosphorus imbalance?

A
  • ask about antacids and alcohol use
79
Q

What is RDA?

A

Recommend daily allowance; amount of nutrient needed by health person at similar age, sex and health

80
Q

What is EAR?

A

Estimated average requirements; amount of nutrient needed to meet basic health requirements of 1/2 specific population

81
Q

What is AI?

A

Adequate intake; the amount of nutrient most people consume

82
Q

What is UL?

A

Tolerable upper intake limit; max amount able to consume if nutrient has adverse effects

83
Q

What is AMDR?

A

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges; recommended % intake for macronutrients

84
Q

What is the minimum amount of carbs needed in a day?

A

130g/day

NUTRITION (17 decks)

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