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NUTRITION > CHAPTER 7: PREGNANCY AND LACTATION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 7: PREGNANCY AND LACTATION Flashcards

1
Q

What is the additional recommended intake of calories during 2nd trimester?

A

recommended that women consume additional 340 calories/day

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2
Q

What is the additional recommended intake of calories during 3rd trimester?

A

recommended that women consume additional 450 calories/day

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3
Q

What is the additional recommended intake of calories during lactation?

A

recommended additional 330 calories/day (first 6 months)

▪ Additional 400 calories/day after that

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4
Q

How many pounds are gained during the 1st trimester (total 3 months) of pregnancy?

A

2-4 lbs.

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5
Q

How many pounds are gained during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

A

2-4 lbs. per month

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6
Q

What is the normal BMI of a pregnant woman after the total weight gain during pregnancy?

A

25-35 lbs.

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7
Q

What is the underweight BMI of a pregnant woman after the total weight gain during pregnancy?

A

28-40 lbs.

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8
Q

What is the overweight BMI of a pregnant woman after the total weight gain during pregnancy?

A

15-25 lbs.

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9
Q

What are the dietary recommendations during pregnancy?

A

o Limit caffeine intake to 300 mg/day or less
o 600 micrograms a day of folic acid (helps prevent neural tube defects)
o Iron supplements during pregnancy (remember vitamin C increases absorption) to get 27 grams
o Fish and shellfish should be avoided due to mercury levels

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10
Q

What education should be provided to a pregnant woman experiencing N/V?

A

advise to eat dry crackers or toast so they should focus on low fat carbohydrates to decrease nausea.

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11
Q

What other education should be provided to a pregnant patient?

A 
o Avoid drinking water with meals 
▪ Caffeine
▪ Fatty foods
▪ Spicy Foods
o Can help to serve foods at room temperature or chilled
▪ Warmer hot foods give off more odor 
o Maintain good oral hygiene
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12
Q

What education should be provided to a pregnant woman experiencing constipation?

A

encourage to increase fiber and fluid intake

o Engage in physical activity to increase bowel motility

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13
Q

What is PKU?

A

Maternal Phenol Ketonuria

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14
Q

What should moms that have PKU avoid?

A

high protein foods
o So that means no meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts or dairy products
o They will also need to get their phenylketonuria levels taken throughout pregnancy (frequent blood tests); if mom has PKU, start diet BEFORE pregnancy

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15
Q

How does the weight of an infant change over the course of 6 months to a year?

A

birth weight will double by 6 months & triple by 1 year

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16
Q

When should breast milk be used?

A

exclusively for the first 4-6 months

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17
Q

When should you introduce a baby to solid foods?

A

once the baby can sit up and has good head control

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18
Q

What is the first solid food that is introduced?

A

iron fortified cereal
▪ After that we can introduce new foods ONE AT A TIME
** 1 new food for 5-7 days **

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19
Q

When should cows milk and honey be given?

A

not until the baby is 1 year old (honey increases r/f botulism)

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20
Q

How should a baby with cleft lip be fed?

A

feed them upright

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21
Q

How should breast milk be stored?

A

Can be stored for 5-8 days in the refrigerator

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22
Q

What should you do with unused breast milk?

A

any unused breast milk should be discarded

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23
Q

Why should you never microwave breast milk?

A

it kills the antibodies

24
Q

How long can breast milk be frozen?

A

up to 6 months in regular freezer or 12 months in deep freezer
** Use thawed milk within 24 hours (never refreeze) **

25
Q

What are some infant nutrition concerns?

A
  • colic
  • lactose intolerence
  • diarrhea
  • dehydration
26
Q

What are the s/sx of colic and what education should be provided to mom?

A
  • persistent crying for 3 hours or more a day, usually resolves around 3 months old + abdominal tension and legs drawn to belly
  • If the mom is breast feeding, suggest eliminating cruciferous vegetables (cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts), cow milk, onion, and chocolate (triggers)
27
Q

What are the s/sx of lactose intolerance and what education should be provided to mom?

A
  • gas, abdominal distention, diarrhea.

- You can try using a soy based or cosine hydrolysate (casein) formula

28
Q

What is the frequent cause of diarrhea and what can be used to treat the baby?

A
  • often caused by ROTAVIRUS

- Use an oral rehydration solution (8oz/loose stool) and notify PCP

29
Q

What are the s/sx of dehydration?

A

Lethargy, sunken eyes, sunken fontanelles, decreased tears, decreased urine output, dried mucous membranes

30
Q

How many pounds do children gain a year on average?

A

5 pounds

31
Q

What foods are considered choking hazards for children?

A
  • Popcorn
  • Raisins
  • Peanuts
  • Bagels
  • Grapes
  • Raw carrots
  • Hotdogs
  • Celery
  • Peanut butter
  • Candy (fruit gel bites)
  • Tough meat
32
Q

How much juice should a child drink a day?

A

no more than 4-6 ounces/day

33
Q

How much milk should a child drink a day?

A

no more than 24 ounces/day

34
Q

What can the overconsumption of milk lead to in a child?

A

iron deficiency anemia
o Milk is low in iron
** Increase intake of iron rich foods (vit. C) **

35
Q

_______ is important for bone development in children also because it helps with absorption of calcium

A

Vitamin D

36
Q

What are some adolescent nutrition concerns?

A

Eating disorders begin during adolescence: o Anorexia nervosa
o Bulimia

37
Q

What are some older adult nutrition concerns?

A
  • They have lower BMR which means they require fewer calories because of their slower metabolism.
  • Dehydration is common and is due to decreased thirst sensation as well as medication side effects
    o Diuretics will really dry you up
  • Decreased absorption of B12, folic acid, and calcium
  • Some have issues with chewing and swallowing
    o Need to mince or chop foods to help minimize difficulty with chewing and we may need to thicken liquids for easier swallowing
38
Q

When does osteoporosis occur?

A

Beginning at age 35 (bone loss)

39
Q

Who is at a higher risk for osteoporosis?

A

white women

40
Q

What education should be provided to patients at r/f osteoporosis?

A

o Pt who are at risk or have osteoporosis to increase their intake of calcium and vitamin D
o Engage in weight-bearing exercise (NOT SWIMMING!!)
o Limit alcohol consumption

41
Q

How much protein is needed in the diet during pregnancy?

A

20%

42
Q

How much fat is needed in the diet during pregnancy?

A

30%

43
Q

How much carbs is needed in the diet during pregnancy?

A

50%

44
Q

Why should you not prop the babys bottle?

A

it increases the r/f tooth decay

45
Q

What schedule should you be on when breastfeeding?

A

feed every 3-4 hrs for 8-12x/day (wake the baby if you have to)
** watch for hunger cues **

46
Q

What should be added to breast milk if exclusively breastfeeding?

A

iron supplementation at 4 months

47
Q

What education should be provided to a mother about formula feeding?

A
  • follow mixing direction
  • throw out if left out >2hr
  • feed <32oz/24hr unless directed by provider
48
Q

When should a infant be eating 3 meals and 3 snacks a day?

A

by 8 months

49
Q

How long can baby food be stored?

A

24hrs

50
Q

What education should be provided to a mom whose baby is failing to thrive (inadequate growth)?

A

give them a high calorie, high protein diet and assess for physiological or psychological reasons

51
Q

What education should be provided to a mom whose baby is experiencing constipation?

A

properly dilute formula

52
Q

What are food jags?

A

ritualistic preferences for one food (this is common and self limiting in children between 3-6)

53
Q

Children are at a r/f choking until what age?

A

4 years old

54
Q

Who is at a r/f lead poisoning?

A

children <6 yo

55
Q

Preschoolers dislike ______ but enjoy _______

A

strong tasting veggies (onions, cabbage); raw veggies as finger foods

56
Q

What education should be provided to school aged children (6-12)?

A

to only eat when hungry (they need more calories, proteins and fluids; we should be concerned about them not eating breakfast and being obese or overweight)

57
Q

What concerns are there about adolescence diets?

A

eating and snacking and skipping meals or eating nutritionally poor foods and/or not taking in enough iron and calcium)

NUTRITION (17 decks)

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