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BIOL 336 > L3 & L4: Hormones > Flashcards

L3 & L4: Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

composed of glands and hormone secreting cells

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2
Q

signals sent by the endocrine system

A

longer delays, but last for greater lengths

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3
Q

a single endocrine gland __

A

may secrete multiple hormones

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4
Q

pancreas secretes

A
  • insulin (lowers blood glucose levels)
  • glucagon (increases blood glucose levels)
  • somatostatin(inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormones)
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5
Q

single cell types ___

A

secretes only one hormone

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6
Q

two types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine glands

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7
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their products into a duct, then to either exit or lumen of another organ

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8
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless, secrete directly to interstitial fluid and blood

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9
Q

three major classes of endocrine hormones

A

amine hormones, peptides and proteins, steroids

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10
Q

amine hormones

A

derivatives of amino acid tyrosine, made by thyroid, adrenal medulla and hypothalamus

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11
Q

thyroid hormones, T3 and T4

A

contain iodine and are produced by the thyroid gland

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12
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

catecholamines, produced by adrenal medulla

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13
Q

dopamine

A

catecholamines, produced by hypothalamus

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14
Q

goiter

A

a greatly enlarged thyroid gland resulted from iodine deficiency

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15
Q

annual dose of iodine needed

A

50 mg

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16
Q

peptide hormones

A

large, inactive preproxhormones that include signal sequence, one or more copies of hormone, and additional peptide fragments

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17
Q

preproinsulin is cleaved into

A

proinsulin, then insulin and C-peptide

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18
Q

___ a marker of insulin secretion

A

C-peptide

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19
Q

secretory vesicles containing peptides __

A

are stored in the cytoplasm until the cell receives a signal for secretion

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20
Q

what happens when the cell receives a signal?

A

secretory vesicle releases its contents by Ca2+ dependent exocytosis into the extracellular space

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21
Q

the half-life of peptide hormones is ___

A

short

22
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipids with ring-like structures

23
Q

steroid hormones are derived from

A

cholesterol

24
Q

aldosterone

A

stimulates Na+ & H2O reabsorption and K+ & H+ secretion in kidneys

25
Q

cortisol

A

is secreted from the adrenal cortex and regulates metabolism during stress

26
Q

sex hormones

A

testosterone and estradiol

27
Q

what enzyme releases free cholesterol?

A

cholesterol esterase

28
Q

how is cholesterol modified?

A

in a step-wise manner by a series of enzymes located in mitochondria and SER

29
Q

most of the steroid hormone molecules found in blood are ___

A

bound to protein carrier molecules

30
Q

some examples of protein carriers

A

corticosteroid-binding globulin, albumin

31
Q

adrenal gland consists of

A

adrenal medulla (1/4), adrenal cortex (3/4)

32
Q

adrenal medulla secretes

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

33
Q

adrenal cortex zonas

A

zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa

34
Q

zona reticularis secretes

A

sex hormones

35
Q

zona fasciculata secretes

A

glucocorticoids

36
Q

zona glomerulosa secretes

A

aldosterone

37
Q

hormone’s plasma concentration depends on

A

rate of secretion and rate of removal

38
Q

how are hormones removed?

A

by liver and kidneys, by cell endocytosis, by break down by enzymes in blood and tissues

39
Q

permissiveness

A

hormone B cannot exert its effect without hormone A

40
Q

permissiveness example

A

thyroid hormones stimulates the synthesis of adrenergic receptors for epinephrine in adipose tissue

41
Q

additive physiological effects

A

hormone A + hormone B + hormone C = sum of effects

42
Q

synergistic physiological effects

A

hormone A + hormone B + hormone C > sum of effects

43
Q

antagonistic effect

A

hormone A diminishes effects of hormone B

44
Q

hormone secretion is under the control of __

A

three types of inputs:

1) ions or nutrients
2) neurotransmitters
3) other hormones

45
Q

insuline secretion due to

A

increase of plasma glucose concentration

46
Q

insulin secretion due to

A

signals from nervous system

47
Q

insulin secretion due

A

GLP-1 stimulatory hormone

48
Q

endocrine disease can result from

A

changes in secretion or responsiveness of target cells

49
Q

type 2 diabetes (adult-onset)

A

hyporesponsiveness, cellular sensitivity to insulin is reduced

50
Q

type 1 diabetes (juvenile)

A

hyposecretion, reduced number of active pancreatic beta cells

BIOL 336 (20 decks)

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