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BIOL 336 > L18 & 19: Cardiovascular System III & IV > Flashcards

L18 & 19: Cardiovascular System III & IV Flashcards

1
Q

major arteries

A

divide into smaller and smaller arteries, the character of the wall changes, becoming less elastic and more muscular

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2
Q

the walls of arterioles

A

contain several layers of smooth muscles that contract and relax under the influence of chemical signals

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3
Q

systemic veins serve as

A

expandable volume reservoir

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4
Q

elastic systemic arteries serve as

A

pressure reservoir that maintains blood flow during ventricular relaxation

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5
Q

capillaries

A

small, extremely thin, have nucleus, basement membranes, endothelial cells inside

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6
Q

veins have ___ than arteries

A

less muscle tissue

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7
Q

veins do not have __

A

elastic tissue

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8
Q

pulse

A

the pressure increase generated by the left ventricles ejecting blood into the aorta, transmitted through the arteries

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9
Q

pulse pressure

A

pulse pressure = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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10
Q

venous blood flow

A

steady and it’s not pulsatile

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11
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

represents driving pressure because arterial pressure is pulsatile

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12
Q

MAP formula

A

MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

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13
Q

hypotension

A

blood pressure falls too low and blood flow is unable to overcome opposition by gravity

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14
Q

hypertension

A

blood pressure is chronically elevated

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15
Q

the elevated pressure in the arteries during diastole is due to

A

elastic recoil property of arteries

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16
Q

arterial blood pressure is measured by

A

sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

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17
Q

when the cuff is inflated above the systolic pressure

A

arterial blood flow is stopped, no sound

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18
Q

when the cuff pressure is below diastolic pressure

A

the artery is no longer compressed, no sound

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19
Q

when the cuff pressure is between systolic and diastolic pressures

A

turbulent blood flow produces Korotkoff sounds due to compressed artery

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20
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

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21
Q

cardiac output formula

A

CO = Heart rate x Stroke volume

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22
Q

total blood volume

A

around 5 liters

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23
Q

normally, cardiac output is

A

the same for each side of the heart

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24
Q

autonomic input to the heart can

A

raise or lower heart rate and affect cardiac output

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25
Q

heart rate is initiated by

A

autorhythmic cells in the SA node at a rate of 100 bpm in the absence of any nervous or hormonal influence

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26
Q

at the resting state

A

there is more parasympathetic activity to the heart than sympathetic

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27
Q

normal resting heart rate

A

lower, closer to 70 bpm

28
Q

what sympathetic receptors are there in SA node

A

beta-adrenergic

29
Q

what channels do protein kinases in heart cells trigger to open

A

F-type Na+ and T-type Ca2+ channels

30
Q

what parasympathetic receptors are there in SA node?

A

muscarininc cholinergic receptors

31
Q

what channels and how do G-proteins trigger in a parasympathetic pathway?

A

open K+ and close T-type Ca2+ channels

32
Q

sympathetic NS activity can also

A

increase the force of contraction and stroke volume

33
Q

when can the sympathetic activity increase the strength of contraction?

A

at any given end-diastolic ventricular volume

34
Q

Frank-Starling principle

A

the heart will pump all the blood that returns to it

35
Q

the strength of contraction increases as

A

the end-diastolic ventricular volume increases

36
Q

mean arterial pressure formula

A

MAP = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

37
Q

total peripheral resistance

A

the sum of resistances to flow offered by all the systemic blood vessels

38
Q

the homeostatic regulation of systemic MAP is important because

A

MAP influences blood flow to all organs in the systemic circuit

39
Q

the primary short-term reflex pathway for control of MAP

A

baroreceptor reflex

40
Q

sensory receptors of the barareceptor reflex are located

A

in the walls of carotid arteries (high in the neck) and aorta

41
Q

carotid baroreceptors measure

A

pressure of blood flowing to the brain

42
Q

aortic baroreceptors measure

A

pressure of blood flowing to the body

43
Q

___ with changes in blood pressure

A

baroreceptor firing frequency

44
Q

if increased blood pressure in the arteries stretches the baroreceptor membranes,

A

the firing rate of the receptor increases

45
Q

if the blood pressure in the arteries falls

A

the firing rate of the receptors decreases

46
Q

the primary integrating center for the baroreceptor reflex is

A

medullary cardiovascular control center located in medulla oblongata

47
Q

medullary cardiovascular control center

A

integrates sensory input and initiates a rapid response

48
Q

in how many minutes are changes in CO and TPR initiated?

A

in two heartbeats of the stimulus

49
Q

output signals from the cardiovascular control center are carried by

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

50
Q

peripheral resistance is under

A

tonic sympathetic control

51
Q

increased sympathetic discharge causes

A

vasoconstriction

52
Q

the heart is regulated by

A

antagonistic control

53
Q

increased sympathetic activity

A

increases heart rate at the SA node, shortens conduction time through the AV node, and enhances the force of myocardial contractions

54
Q

increased parasympathetic activity

A

slows heart rate but has only a small effect on ventricular contraction

55
Q

arterial baroreceptor reflex functions as

A

short-term regulator of arterial blood pressure

56
Q

if arterial pressure deviates from its normal set point for ___, the arterial baroreceptors ___

A

more than a few days, adapt to this new pressure

57
Q

arterial baroreceptors cannot

A

set long-term arterial pressure

58
Q

in individuals who have chronically elevated blood pressure

A

the arterial baroreceptors continue to oppose minute-to-minute changes, but at a higher set point

59
Q

___ are the single most important long-term determinant of blood pressure

A

changes in steady-state blood volume

60
Q

if blood volume increases

A

blood pressure increases

61
Q

an increase in blood volume due to increased fluid ingestion induces

A

an increase in arterial pressure

62
Q

events that can lead to change in blood volume

A

dehydration, hemorrhage, ingestion of a large quantity of fluid

63
Q

___ restores blood volume to the original value

A

increase in excretion of fluid in the urine by the kidneys

64
Q

compensation for decreased blood volume

A

is more difficult because kidneys cannot restore lost fluid

65
Q

kidneys can

A

conserve blood volume

66
Q

rapid response to elevated blood pressure

A

by cardiovascular system: vasodilation and decreased cardiac output

67
Q

slow response to elevated blood pressure

A

by kidneys: excretion of fluid in urine blood volume

BIOL 336 (20 decks)

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