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BIOL 336 > L21: Respiratory System II > Flashcards

L21: Respiratory System II Flashcards

1
Q

airway resistance

A

refers to the resistance of the entire system of airways in the respiratory tract

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2
Q

when resistance increases, ___

A

a larger pressure gradient is required to produce air flow

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3
Q

three parameters contributing to resistance

A

the system’s length, the viscosity, and the radius of tubes

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4
Q

resistance formula

A

R = (8Ln)/(pi*r^4)

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5
Q

in healthy lungs, resistance to air flow is __

A

low

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6
Q

why is resistance low in the conducting zone?

A

radii of tubes are large

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7
Q

why is resistance low in the respiratory zone?

A

extensive branching

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8
Q

factors affecting viscosity of air

A

humidity and altitude

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9
Q

factors affecting diameter of upper airways

A

physical obstruction by mucus or other objects

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10
Q

factors increasing diameter of bronchioles

A

carbon dioxide, epinephrine

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11
Q

factors decreasing diameter of bronchioles

A

parasympathetic neurons, histamine, leukotrienes

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12
Q

spirometry

A

a technique for measuring the volumes of inspired and expired air

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13
Q

how does spirometer work?

A

an individual breathes into and out of tube and transducer converts the volume of air to electrical signal

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14
Q

what lung volumes can be measured by spirometer?

A

tidal volume, inspiratory, expiratory reserve volumes

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15
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration

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16
Q

what’s the average IRV?

A

3000 mL

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17
Q

tidal volume (Vt)

A

the volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs doing a single, unforced breath

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18
Q

what’s average Vt?

A

500 mL

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19
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

the volume of air remaining in lungs following a maximal expiration

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20
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the maximum volume of air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration

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21
Q

what’s the average RV?

A

1200 mL

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22
Q

what’s the average ERV?

A

1000 mL

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23
Q

lung capacities

A

sums of two or more of the lung volumes

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24
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

Vt + IRV = 3500 mL

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25
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

Vt + IRV + ERV = 4500 mL

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26
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

FRC = ERV + RV = 2200 mL

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27
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

TLC = Vt + ERV + IRV + RV = 5700 mL

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28
Q

minute ventilation is ____ than alveolar ventilation because of ___

A

greater; dead space

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29
Q

minute ventilation formula

A

minute ventilation = tidal volume x respiratory rate

30
Q

dead space

A

a fraction of fresh air left in upper airways that does not get to the alveoli

31
Q

what’s the average dead space volume?

A

150 mL

32
Q

alveolar ventilation formula

A

alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

33
Q

restrictive pulmonary diseases

A

involve an interference with lung expansion

34
Q

obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

involve increases in airway resistance

35
Q

restrictive disorders involve

A

structural damage to lungs, plura or chest

36
Q

what effect do restrictive disorders have on lung capacities?

A

decrease of the total lung capacity

37
Q

what effect do obstructive disorders have on lung capacities?

A

increase of the functional residual capacity and total lung capacity

38
Q

why do residual volumes increase in the case of obstructive disorders?

A

an increase in resistance makes both expiration and inspiration difficult

39
Q

gas exchange in lungs and tissues involves __

A

diffusion of O2 and CO2 from regions of higher to lower partial pressure

40
Q

partial pressure of dry air

A

760 mm Hg

41
Q

partial pressure of oxygen in the air

A

160 mm Hg

42
Q

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in air

A

0.25 mm Hg

43
Q

alveolar partial pressure of oxygen

A

100 mm Hg

44
Q

alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

40 mm Hg

45
Q

oxygen partial pressure in venous blood

A

40 mm Hg

46
Q

carbon dioxide partial pressure in venous blood

A

46 mm Hg

47
Q

oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood

A

100 mm Hg

48
Q

carbon dioxide partial pressure in arterial blood

A

40 mm Hg

49
Q

oxygen partial pressure in tissues

A

less than 40 mm Hg

50
Q

carbon dioxide partial pressure in tissues

A

more than 46 mm Hg

51
Q

each liter of systemic arterial blood contains __ oxygen

A

200 mL

52
Q

out of 200 mL, __ are physically dissolved, while ___ bound to hemoglobin

A

3 mL; 197 mL

53
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein made of four subunits bound together

54
Q

each subunit of hemoglobin consists of ___

A

heme molecular group and a polypeptide attached to the heme

55
Q

each of the four heme groups contains ___

A

one iron atom to which molecular oxygen binds

56
Q

percent Hb saturation formula

A

O2 bound to Hb/Maximal capacity of Hb to bind O2

57
Q

the combination of O2 with Hb is an example of

A

cooperativity

58
Q

cooperativity

A

binding just one oxygen molecule to deoxyhemoglobin increases the affinity of remaining sites of the Hb molecule

59
Q

shift left

A

more O2 affinity, more loading, less unloading

60
Q

shift right

A

less O2 affinity, less loading, more unloading

61
Q

increase in DPG causes

A

shift to the right

62
Q

increase in temperature causes

A

shift to the right

63
Q

increase in acidity causes

A

shift to the right

64
Q

increased DPG levels, acidity, temperature are associated with

A

increased metabolic activity

65
Q

% Hb saturation at 100 mm Hg P(O2)

A

98%

66
Q

% Hb saturation at 60 mm P(O2)

A

more than 90%

67
Q

molecules with greater O2 affinity

A

fetal Hb (exchange of bloods), myoglobin (increased supply of oxygen in muscles)

68
Q

Hb has a higher affinity for ___ than O2

A

CO

69
Q

Hb is __ saturated at venous P(O2) of 40 mm Hg

A

75%

70
Q

__% of oxygen dissociates from Hb into the tissues

A

25%

71
Q

DPG is synthesized by ___

A

erythrocytes

72
Q

DPG increases in situations ___

A

associated with inadequate oxygen supply and helps maintain oxygen release in the tissues

BIOL 336 (20 decks)

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