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Cognitive > Emotion and cognition > Flashcards

Emotion and cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Where is emotion processed?

A

The limbic system.

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2
Q

Which cortex is apart of the emotional system?

A

Insular cortex.

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3
Q

What is the theory of the relationship between face and morals?

A

It is believed that when someone has an unattractive face we believe that they have immorality.

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4
Q

What two areas are involved in experiencing and recognising disgust?

A

Basal ganglia and insular cortex.

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5
Q

What emotions are not captured in Ekman’s six basic emotions?

A

Guilt and love and more complex emotions.

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6
Q

What is the cognitive definition of arousal?

A

Overall term for bodily changes that occur in emotions in response to a stimulus such as heart rate, sweating and hormone release. The intensity of the emotional reaction may be assessed by the strength of these responses.

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7
Q

What is the circumplex model?

A

A circular model on an axis that measures emotions into categories of arousal and valence, subjective model.

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8
Q

What are approach emotions?

A

Evoke the desire to approach the stimulus, e.g. happiness

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9
Q

What are withdrawal emotions?

A

Evoke the desire to withdraw and avoid from stimulus e.g. disgust.

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10
Q

What is mood induction?

A

A way of manipulating emotions before an experiment.

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11
Q

What is the difference between mood and emotion?

A

Mood is more stable and diffuse affective state than emotion, not necessary linked to a specific event as it is a general state.

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12
Q

What is evocative stimuli?

A

Stimuli that elicit emotional responses e.g. pictures of emotional scenes. Or rewards or punishments e.g. money is offered.

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13
Q

When is evocative stimuli used purposely?

A

Before experiments in order to manipulate emotion.

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14
Q

What are direct methods of measuring emotions?

A

Self report methods e.g. questionnaires. Relies on introspection.

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15
Q

What are indirect methods of measuring emtions?

A

Behaviour observations, pupil dilation, heart rate, response time, facial movements (EMG) and respiratory rate.

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16
Q

How do schemas affect emotion?

A

Schemas are. linked with emotions and therefore when a new experience is undergone schemas can be used to generate the appropriate emotion associated.

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17
Q

What is emotional classical conditioning?

A

The learnt association between a neutral event and an emotional event.

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18
Q

What is an example of emotional classical conditioning?

A

Pairing places with emotions e.g. getting spiked in a club and not going back even thought it was the person not the club. Or positively smells reminding and bringing joyful emotional due to festive season.

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19
Q

What is autonomic coditioning?

A

Can be expressed through bodily responses such as an arousal response.

20
Q

What is evaluative conditioning?

A

It is expressed through an attitude or words.

21
Q

What is aversive conditioning?

A

Autonomic conditioning learnt specifically for fear response.

22
Q

What does the amygdala do in aversive conditioning?

A

Mediates learning that is associated with fear or stimulus valence.

23
Q

What is double dissociation?

A

Amygdala is involved in anticipation of negative stimuli whereas the hippocampus holds memory what association that is (awareness).

24
Q

What is the effect of evaluative conditioning?

A

If we have a positive experience or effect due to a neutral stimulus we become more fond of it.

25
Q

What is the definition of valence?

A

Whether someone tis good or bad, whether the stimuli is positive or negative.

26
Q

What is extinction?

A

Reversing conditioning.

27
Q

How does extinction work?

A

If the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the negative experience.

28
Q

What is the worst thing to do for a negative association/fear?

A

Avoidance.

29
Q

What is instrumental/operant conditioning?

A

Learning by reinforcement, positive or negative.

30
Q

What role does dopamine play in conditioning?

A

Dopamine is linked to rewards in all stimuli, based on amounts released can trigger addiction but also have a positive effect depending on the stimuli.

31
Q

Where are preferences and rewards stored in the brain?

A

Prefrontal cortex.

32
Q

How does vicarious reinforcement work?

A

Without an experience we can experience an amygdala response and adapt from things we haven’t and are unlikely to experience due to tv or the media.

33
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Fire when we do a task or we observe another doing the same thing, we also mirror emotion and pain of others.

34
Q

How does emotion enhance memory?

A

through flashbulb memory, events with more emotion attached is more robust and more likely to be remembered.

35
Q

What two things can consolidate memories more?

A

Stress to a certain level and high arousal level.

36
Q

How does stress affect memory?

A

It increases memory to an optimum point however past that point it drastically decreases. But it does increase emotional memory.

37
Q

How does emotion effect attention?

A

Emotion increases the salience of the stimuli and captures the attention at a higher level.

38
Q

What is a real life example of emotion and attention?

A

Eye witness testimony can either be increased when there is an emotional aspect e.g. weapon or decreased when the stimulus is not emotional e.g. perpetrators face.

39
Q

What is the affective primacy hypothesis?

A

Proposes that emotional stimuli are processed relatively automatically, making fewer demands on limited cognitive resources than other types of stimulus.

40
Q

What is affective psychology?

A

Emotions and preferences.

41
Q

What is appraisals?

A

Reasons for emotions.

42
Q

What is involved in the limbic system?

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus and amygdala.

43
Q

What did Darwin propose in “On the Origin of Species”?

A

That there are a limited number of basic universal emotions.

44
Q

What are Ekman’s 6 basic emotions?

A

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.

45
Q

How is each emotion characterised?

A

A unique subset of facial muscle movements and facial expression.

46
Q

Why is it thought that the 6 basic emotions are innate?

A

Because babies produce the facial expression and as do people who have been completely blind since birth.

47
Q

What does amygdala damage cause?

A

People to struggle to perceive ad recognise fear in others and mediate valence.

Cognitive (15 decks)

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