Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

z - biology > P2 CODOMINANCE + higher 3b genetics / inheritance > Flashcards

P2 CODOMINANCE + higher 3b genetics / inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gene?

A

A gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular sequence of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a genome?

A

A genome is hereditary information encoded in DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is found in the nucleus?

A

nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where are genes located?

A

in the chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the structure of a DNA molecule?

A
  • there are bases (which pair up), AT and CG
  • these make up the shape and are the “backbone” of it
  • it is a double helix structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

the basic units of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do nucleotides consist of?

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and a base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is an allele?

A

different versions of the same gene (like eye colour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the purpose of an allele?

A

to give differences in inherited characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is protein synthesis?

A

the process in which cells make proteins from DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does protein synthesis work?

A

mRNA, a copy of DNA moves from the nucleus into the ribosomes. proteins are synthesised in the cytoplasm. they are then folded into a specific shape which makes a protein for a job. protein synthesis happens in two stages transcription and translation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens in the transcription process?

A
  • DNA unwinds and the hydrogen bonds break
  • exposes the gene to be transcribed
  • a complimentary copy of the code from the gene is made, mRNA
  • it then leaves the nucleus via a pore
  • code it is read in threes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens in the translation process?

A
  • the mRNA attaches to a ribosome
  • in the cytoplasm there are tRNA, which have a triplet of unpaired bases at one end, and an area where a amino acid can attach itself
  • the tRNA molecules bind with specific amino acids and bring them to the mRNA on the ribosome
  • the anticodon pairs with a codon
  • this process continues until a stop codon is reached
  • this is where the amino acid is complete forming a polypeptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens if there is a wrong code? (didnt read the right base in one stage)

A

Each triplet codes for one amino acid, if one letter is changed the whole structure of the protein is changed and causes defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the three types of mutations that happen when the codes are being read?

A

Substitution, not that harmful
○ Not coding the right letter, so another letter takes its place
○ Doesn’t change the triplets and only effects one protein code
Deletion, can be very harmful
○ Misses a letter, so it deletes a part of a triplet
○ Changes every triplet after that so it can be very harmful, none of the protein codes would be the same
Addition, can be very harmful
○ Opposite of deletion, has the same effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does dominant allele mean?

A

only one copy of the dominant allele is needed for it to be expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does recessive allele mean?

A

you have to have two recessive alleles for it to be expressed, it is only expressed if there is no dominant alleles present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does homozygous mean?

A

you have two of the same allele

20
Q

what does heterozygous mean?

A

you have two different alleles for one thing

21
Q

what is a homologous pair?

A

Every chromosome has matching pairs, one from mum and one from dad

22
Q

what can also cause mutation?

A

radiation, things you ingest i.e cigarettes

23
Q

what two things effect the appearance of an organism?

A
  1. Genes (inherited characteristics)

2. The effects of the environment in which is lives

24
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

Observable characteristics of an organism

25
Q

what is a genotype?

A

The combination of alleles an organism

26
Q

what is meant by co-dominance and what is an example?

A

condition where both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

- an empale is when flowers have a red allele and a white allele and the flower produced is pink

27
Q

how do you identify co-dominance in punnet squares?

A

we use the subscript of the first letter of the colour (carrying on from the example)
Cr - is a red flower
Cw - is a white flower
- for a fully red flower the genotype would be CrCr
- A fully white flower the genotype would be CwCw
- CwCr would mean the flower is pink

28
Q

what is a polygenic trait?

A

Height is controlled by many genes, so there is a scale and it is therefore a continuous type of data. Height is something effected by both genes and environment, all polygenic traits are effected by both

29
Q

an example of monohybrid inheritance

A

blood, there are certain blood groups and you can only get certain ones with the alleles. and it is controlled by a single gene

30
Q

how is the sex of a person determined?

A

XX female
XY male
females only carry XX and males carry one or the other

31
Q

diploid and haploid number of chromosomes in human cells?

A

46 is diploid

23 is haploid

32
Q

what is the process of evolution by means of natural selection?

A

the more advantages traits are the ones that better adapt and will survive and reproduce. the favourable traits are passed through generations.

33
Q

what is a genetic diagram?

A

the one that takes longer and is bigger than a punnet square, the one with all the lines

34
Q

sex linked traits?

A

a sex linked trait is the trait that is carried on only through the X chromosome

35
Q

why can’t the father XY pass down a sex liked characteristic to their sons XY?

A

because the father can only pass down a Y chromosomes to their son, and the Y chromosome doesn’t carry and sex linked traits

36
Q

how do you write sex linked traits?

A

the X and Y with a subscript of the first letter of the trait.

37
Q

what is mitosis?

A

mitosis makes genetics identical cells, they make somatic cells
this type of cell division can be found everywhere
mitosis creates diploid cells

38
Q

what is meiosis?

A

is exclusively for gametes, sex cells, theses happen in only specific cells. This creates genetically unique cells. meiosis creates haploid cells

39
Q

how does genetic mutation cause faulty enzyme function?

A

it might alter the shape of the protein if there is a piece of genetic code missing, and the substrate might not fit properly and therefore will not function as an enzyme.

40
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

mitosis

  • 2 daughter cells produced
  • Happens everywhere in the body
  • Produces genetically identical cells, somatic
  • Diploid cells
  • Cells divide once

meiosis

  • 4 daughter cells produced
  • Happens only in sex gametes
  • Genetically varied cells
  • Haploid cells
  • Creates variation
  • Cells divide twice
  • Chromosomes are rearranged
41
Q

how is code read?

A
  • code it is read in threes
42
Q

where does transcription happen?

A

nucleus of the cell

43
Q

where does translation take place?

A

cytoplasm and the ribosomes

44
Q

what is a codon?

A

the complementary triplet of code, mRNA

45
Q

what is a anticodon?

A

the triplet of unpaired bases, tRNA

46
Q

what are other types of RNA?

A

transfer RNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA, rRNA, and messenger RNA, mRNA

47
Q

what is different about RNA, compared to DNA?

A
  • RNA is single stranded

- RNA contains uracil instead of thymine

z - biology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions