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z - biology > P1 P2 ONLY EXCRETION 2i & 2j excretion + coordination and response > Flashcards

P1 P2 ONLY EXCRETION 2i & 2j excretion + coordination and response Flashcards

1
Q

why do humans need to excrete?

A

many of the necessary metabolic reactions that take place produce waste products

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2
Q

what is excretion?

A

it is the removal of the waste substances of metabolic reactions, toxic minerals and substances in excess of requirements

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3
Q

what are some of the metabolic waste produced in the human body?

A
  • carbon dioxide and water from aerobic respiration in cells
  • urea, produced by the breakdown of excess proteins in the liver
  • other substances in excess such as medical drugs, and dietary minerals
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4
Q

what are the dangers of waste products?

A

if they are left in the body

  • have toxic effects, like carbon dioxide which dissolves in water easily to from an acidic solution, lowers pH in cells, reduces activity of enzymes
  • osmotic effect, concentrated body fluids can cause water to move out of cells, changing their water potential
  • using up needed storage
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5
Q

what is the difference between excretion and egestion?

A
  • egestion is the expulsion of food that has not been absorbed by the body, faeces etc
  • excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products.
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6
Q

what are the organs of excretion?

A
  • kidneys
  • lungs
  • skin
  • liver
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7
Q

what does skin excrete?

A

water and mineral ions

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8
Q

what do the kidneys excrete?

A

urea, water and mineral ions

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9
Q

what do lungs excrete?

A

carbon dioxide and water

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10
Q

what does the liver excrete?

A

doesn’t excrete, is produces urea from the breakdown of amino acids

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11
Q

what are the main structures of the urinary system?

A
  • kidney
  • bladder
  • ureter
  • urethra
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12
Q

what do the kidneys do in the urinary system?

A

two bean shaped organs that filter the blood

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13
Q

what does the ureter do in the urinary system?

A

tube connecting the kidney to the bladder

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14
Q

what does the bladder do in the urinary system?

A

organ that stores urine (excess water, salts and urea) as it is produced by the kidney

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15
Q

what does the urethra do in the urinary system?

A

tube that connects the bladder to the exterior, where urine is released

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16
Q

what are the two main functions of the urinary system?

A
  • to filter waste products from the blood and expel it from the body as urine
  • to control the water levels of the body (osmoregulation)
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17
Q

what are the kidneys connected to?

A
  • the renal artery which comes from the aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney
  • and the renal vein which delivers the deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the vena cava
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18
Q

what are the three regions of the kidney and where are they?

A
  • cortex, the outermost region
  • medulla, the inner section of the kidney
  • renal pelvis, the tube linking the kidney to the ureter
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19
Q

where are the nephrons in the kidney?

A

start at the cortex and loop down to the medulla and back up to the cortex

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20
Q

what is the nephron made up of?

A
  • bowmans capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of henlé
  • collecting duct
  • glomerulus
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21
Q

what happens in ultrafiltration?

A

blood is filtered

  • first it travels through the glomerulus
  • the narrow capillaries increases pressure of travelling blood so it causes smaller molecules to be forced out of the blood and into the bowmans capsule
  • this is called the filtrate
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22
Q

what are the substances in the filtrate?

A
  • glucose, water, urea and salt get pushed out of the blood
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23
Q

where does the reabsorption of glucose occur?

A
  • first tube, or proximal convoluted
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24
Q

where does the reabsorption of water occur?

A

loop of henle and collecting duct

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25
Q

where does the reabsorption of salts occur?

A

loop of henle

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26
Q

where does the reabsorption of urea occur?

A

it isn’t reabsorbed

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27
Q

why can glucose only be reabsorbed at the first convoluted tubule?

A

only place that facilitates active transport of glucose

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28
Q

how does the glucose get reabsorbed?

A

active transport

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29
Q

how is the first tubule adapted for the reabsorption of glucose?

A

has many mitochondria to provide energy for the active transport of glucose molecules

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30
Q

how are water and salts reabsorbed?

A

as the filtrate drips through the loop of henle the necessary salts are reabsorbed back into the blood by diffusion

  • as salts are reabsorbed water follows by osmosis
  • water is also reabsorbed from the collection duct in different amounts dependent on how much the body needs
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31
Q

what happens to the remaining fluid in the collecting duct?

A

will form urine which is concentrated urea

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32
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

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33
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

process of maintaining water and salt concentrations across membranes within the body

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34
Q

what is the importance of osmoregulation?

A

vital to prevent harmful changes occurring to cells as a result of osmosis

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35
Q

what happens if the body has too much water?

A

results in cells swelling as water moves into them, leads to cells bursting

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36
Q

what happens if the body has too little water?

A

cells lose water by osmosis the has a dehydrating effect and can lead to cell death

37
Q

what are the three types of neurones?

A

sensory, motor and relay

  • most common is the motor
  • sensory brings info into the brain
  • relay, takes info and passes it on
38
Q

what is a synapse?

A

where dendrites of two neurones meet, to make a connection, a junction known as a synapse is formed
- they don’t actually touch

39
Q

what happens at the synapse?

A
  • electrical impluse travels through the presynaptic cell
  • which trigger the vesicles move to the end of the pre synaptic membrane
  • when they get there by diffusion they connect to the membrane and burst
  • releases neurotransmitter chemical
  • neurotransmitter locks on to the receptor protein, which is the the post synaptic cell
  • this triggers a new electrical impulse in the protein which goes down the post synaptic cell
40
Q

what directions can the impulses travel in a synapse?

A

only one and it will end if it is weak

41
Q

what happens to the impulses when you take drugs?

A

bind to neurotransmitter receptors triggering impulses in different regions of the brain
- they also depress synaptic releases

42
Q

what’s vasodilation of skin capillaries?

A

increase heat loss to cool the body
- so the body supplies the capillaries with greater volume of blood, which loses heat to the environment via radiation
- the muscles relax causing
arterioles to dilate allowing more blood flow

43
Q

what are arterioles?

A

have muscles in their walls that can relax or contract to allow more or less blood flow through them

44
Q

what are other responses when the body is too hot?

A

sweating
- secreated by sweat glands
- cools the skin by evaporation
flattening of hairs
- the hair erector muscles in the skin relax
- stops them formed an insulating layer and allows for heat loss through radiation

45
Q

what is vasoconstriction of skin capillaries?

A

decrease heat loss to supply capillaries with a smaller volume of blood, minimising heat loss

  • the muscles in the arteriole walls contract causing arterioles near the skin to constrict and allowing less blood flow
  • this just reduces heat loss from the blood as it flows through the skin
46
Q

what are other things that happen when body temp it too low?

A

shivering
- reflex action
- muscles contract in a rapid and regular manner
- metabolic reaction required generate sufficient heat to warm the blood and raise the core body temp
erection of hairs
- muscles contract
- forms an insulating layer stops heat from being lost by radiation

47
Q

what is a reflex arc?

A

it is the pathway of a reflex response

48
Q

what is an example of a reflex response?

A

pain-withdrawal reflex that occurs when someone steps on a pin

49
Q

what is the response of the reflex arc when someone steps on a pin?

A
  • the pin is detached by a (pain) receptor in the skin
  • a sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to the spinal cord
  • the impulse is passed to a relay neurone in the spinal cord
  • a relay neurone synapses with a motor neurone
  • a motor neurone carries an impulse to a muscle in the leg
  • the muscle will contract and pull away from the object
50
Q

how fast does the response of the reflex arc take?

A

fraction of a second, they do not involve a conscious part of the brain

51
Q

what is the stimulus in the example?

A

the pin, so the thing that causes the reaction

- other example is heat or fired

52
Q

what is the coordinator in the example?

A

spinal cord

53
Q

what is the receptor in the example?

A

the thing that receives the pain so the foot

54
Q

what is the response in the example?

A

when the muscle contracts and pulls it away from the stimulus

55
Q

what is the effector in the example?

A

the muscle in the leg, thing that does an effect

56
Q

what does a sensory neurone look like?

A

it has a round receptor cell at the top
had myelin sheath and axon
also has a cell body on the side

57
Q

what does a relay neurone look like?

A

it has a dendrites around the cell body which looks like a tree
and an axon but no myelin sheath

58
Q

what does a motor neurone look like?

A

it has a small cell body with some dendrites sticking out

and myelin sheath with axons

59
Q

what is the function of the cornea?

A

transparent lens that refracts light as it enters the eye

60
Q

what is the function of the iris?

A

controls how much light enters the pupil

61
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

transparent disc that can change the shape to focus light onto the retina

62
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve?

A

sensory neurone that carries the impulses between the eye and the brain

63
Q

what is the function of the pupil?

A

hole that allows light to enter the eye

64
Q

what is the vitreous humour?

A

jelly- like liquid filling the eyeball

65
Q

what is the aqueous humour?

A

the watery liquid between the cornea and the lens

66
Q

what is the sclera?

A

the strong outer wall of the eyeball that helps to keep the eye in shape and provides a place of attachment for the muscles that move the eye

67
Q

what are the suspensory ligaments?

A

ligaments that connect the ciliary muscle to the lens

68
Q

what is the ciliary muscle?

A

a ring of muscle that contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens

69
Q

what happens to the eye when an object is close?

A
  • ciliary muscles contract
  • causing suspensory ligaments to loosen
  • stopping the suspensory ligaments from pulling on the lens, allowing it to become fatter
  • light is refracted more
70
Q

what happens to the eye when an object is far?

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • causing the suspensory ligaments to tighten
  • then they pull on the lens causing it to become thinner
  • light is refracted less
71
Q

what happens to the eye in dim light?

A

the pupil dilates in order to allow as much light in as possible to improve vision

72
Q

what happens to the eye in bright light?

A

pupil constricts in order to prevent too much light from entering the eye

73
Q

why does the pupil change in response to change in light intensity?

A

the pupil reflex is a reflex action carried out to protect the retina from damage

74
Q

where are hormones produced?

A

endocrine glands

75
Q

where is insulin made and what does it do?

A

pancreas, regulates blood glucose levels

76
Q

where is adrenaline made?

A

adrenal glands

77
Q

where is testosterone made?

A

testes

78
Q

where is oestrogen and progesterone made?

A

ovaries

79
Q

what is thyroxine?

A

hormone that controls metabolic rates and affects growth

80
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

readies the body for a fight or flight response, it then increases heart rate and breathing rate

81
Q

what is the effect of insulin?

A

causes excess glucose to be taken p by the muscles and liver, converts it into glycogen

82
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A

brain, spinal cord, and is linked to sense organs by nerves

83
Q

difference of the endocrine system compared to nervous system?

A

method of transmission is bloodstream
speed of transmission is slower
length of effect is longer
sends chemical hormone messages not electrical impulses

84
Q

what are auxins?

A

plant growth regulators to coordinate and control direction growth

85
Q

where are auxins produced?

A

tips of shoots and roots, and they diffuse around the plant

86
Q

how is the distribution of auxins affected?

A

in the shoots is affected by light and gravity

in the roots by gravity alone

87
Q

what does auxins promote in shoots?

A

cell elongation, more auxin more cell growth

88
Q

what does auxins promote in roots?

A

inhibits cell elongation, more auxin less growth

89
Q

what is uneven growth in plants caused by?

A

uneven distribution of auxin

z - biology (21 decks)

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