2.A - human causes of inequality in global food security Flashcards
land ownership
farmers may be owner-occupiers, tenants or landless employees on state owned farms
farmers may have private ownership
Russia - private ownership
2001 - Putin addressed land ownership issues
state owned farms = low production bc wages were fixed despite output
demand for private ownership low
areas of private ownership: Sarator and Tatarstan = productive farming
achieved 26,000 private farms, rest state owned
china - introduction of quotas
pre 1949
intensive farms ran by tenant farmers owned by landlords
1/2 produce to landlord
post 1949: output low = collectivisation ran by state communes
1982: commune system abolished = contracts formed
contracts = land rent-free, quotas set and surplus grain sold by farmers & excess land sub-let allowed
Bangladesh - Share Cropping
share-cropping
farmers pay ‘rent in kind’ to landowner to occupy land
landlord supplies necessities: fertiliser, seeds, machinery for 50% harvest
= farmers poor and food insecure
capital
a countries assets
EX - money/ liquid assets, equipments, inventory etc
Capital - ACs
capital intensive = profitable
capital - LIDCs
labour intensive = non profitable
areas of competition for farmers to achieve food security
in food markets
in resources
technology
competition in food markets
- food supply controlled by few TNCs = competition low
- produce at low cost = concern of low wages for farmers to produce
- prices of food increase = concern for poorest groups bc high% of income spent on food
- Govs favouring companies in ACs > LIDCs = keeping the poor poor
competition in resources
food producers high competition for land, water and energy resources
land: agricultural land lost to urbanisation (roads, housing etc)
water: used for drinking and cleaning > farming
energy resources: huge amounts needed for farming & gov growing biofuels on good quality land = misplacement of energy
competition for technology
ACs can afford technology > LIDCS cannot
developments available to ACs > LIDCS
fertilisers, seeds, mechanisation, land management of irrigation all improving production
land grabbing
acquisition of farmland in LIDCs by ACs to ensure their own food security
who is involved in land grabbing
countries with land and water constraints but rich in capital - eg - Gulf States
countries with large populations and food security concerns - eg - India and china
why land grabbing is needed
push factors requiring other methods of sourcing food
push factors:
- water scarcity
- export restrictions
- price inflations in global markets
- lack of productive land and water
problems for host countries
the poor risk access to land and food supplies - land not used to source food for locals
local farmers displaced & no prospects for alternative employment
unemployment
unequal relations between foreign national govs and local farmers with food insecurity
