Ageing Process and Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of comprehensive geriatric assessment?

A

Medical, psychological and functional capacity

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2
Q

What causes ageing at the molecular level?

A

Random damage during cell replication

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3
Q

List some factors that contribute to an increased rate of ageing

A

Inflammation
Poor diet
Lifestyle stress
Inactivity

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4
Q

List molecular factors that contribute to ageing

A

Mutations
Cellular aggregates
Cellular loss, senescence
Protein crosslinks

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5
Q

Deposition of which protein extracellularly causes Alzheimer’s?

A

Amyloid

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6
Q

What is meant by “senescence”?

A

Defective apoptotic pathway, resulting in non-functioning cells taking up space

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7
Q

At which part of a chromosome is the telomere located?

A

End part

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8
Q

What happens to the telomere region of a chromosome during cell replication? How is this significant in ageing?

A

Progressively shortens with cell replication

Eventually becomes too short to sustain, leading to senescence

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9
Q

What is meant by the Hayflick limit?

A

The number of times a human cell population will divide until cell division stops (limits ageing)

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10
Q

Which protein enzyme complex can re-extend shortened telomeres?

A

Telomerase

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11
Q

What are the 4 main cellular responses to damage?

A

Repair
Apoptosis
Senescence
Malignant transformation

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12
Q

Describe the disposable soma hypothesis to explain why body cells don’t simply repair themselves all the time

A

Repair requires lots of energy and resources that is not feasible beyond when reproduction is successful

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13
Q

What is the theory of antagonistic pleiotropy and ageing?

A

Genes may have a beneficial role in early life, but the same genes can cause harm in later life, contributing to senescence and death

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14
Q

A minor illness (e.g. infection) will cause greater stress in an old patient compared to a young patient. True/False?

A

True

Also rarely return to true homeostasis

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15
Q

What are the 2 main methods of assessing frailty?

A

Deficit accumulation

Phenotypic

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16
Q

How does deficit accumulation scoring assess frailty?

A

Count how many body systems have deficit and divide by total no. of body systems

17
Q

How does phenotypic scoring assess frailty?

A
1 point each for:
Unintentional weight loss
Low grip strength
Exhaustion
Low physical activity
Slow walk speed
[score of 3 = frail]