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Pathophysiology > Chapter 11: > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Flashcards

1
Q

first line of defense =

A

innate immunity (natural)

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2
Q

second line of defense=

A

adaptive immunity (acquired0

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3
Q

innate immunity is always ________ and ________.

A

present and immediate

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4
Q

true or false: innate immunity are all elements with which we are born

A

true

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5
Q

Is innate immunity specific or non-specific?

A

non-soecific, they have no memory

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6
Q

Do innate immunity improve after exposure to antigen?

A

No

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7
Q

Innate immunity is avaliable on ______ notice to protect.

A

short

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8
Q

innate immunity attacks

A

non-self microbes

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9
Q

true and false: innate immunity does not distinguish between different microbes

A

true

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10
Q

What physical and mechanical barriers?

A

epithelium and linings of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory system

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11
Q

What are some of the cellular components on innate immunity?

A

phagocytes, natural killers, dendritic.

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12
Q

What molecular component is the primary way that innate and adaptive systems communicate?

A

cytokines

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13
Q

subset of cytokines that stimulate the migration and activate immune and inflammatory cells

A

chemokines

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14
Q

little systems that promote inflammation and destruction of microbes. functions: stimulate mast cells, bind to microorganisms and produce holes in the cell wall.

A

complement system

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15
Q

vascular response in the inflammatory response:

A

blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability and leakage, WBC adherence to the inner walls of the vessels and migration through the vessels.

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16
Q

second line of defense is also known as

A

the adaptive immunity

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17
Q

the adaptive immune response is

A

learned or acquired

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18
Q

the adaptive immune response _________ specific substances that are foreign

A

recognizes

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19
Q

the adaptive immune response is _______ for life.

A

essential

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20
Q

the adaptive immune response consist of

A

lymphocytes and their products

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21
Q

what are the purposes of the adaptive immune system?

A

destroy infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation and innate system.

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22
Q

is the adaptive immune system long term or short term?

A

long term and highly effective against future exposure

23
Q

antibodies in the adaptive immune system recognize ?

A

antigens

24
Q

types of antigens:

A

bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, parasites, and antimicrobial agents

25
Q

types of adaptive immunity: (2 types)

A

humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

26
Q

describe humoral immunity:

A

produce antibodies aka immunoglobulins that attack antigen (B cells with T cells promoting

27
Q

what is the humoral immunity principle defense against?

A

extracellular mircobes and toxins

28
Q

describe cell-mediated immunity:

A

phagocytic cells attack the specific microbe/antigen

29
Q

cell-mediated immunity is mediated by

A

specific T lymphocytes (Cytotoxic T CD8+ and T-helper CD4+)

30
Q

name some components of the adaptive immune system:

A

antigens, antibodies, lymph system, macrophages, and lymphocytes

31
Q

Where do lymphocytes come from?

A

stem cells in the bone marrow or fetal liver

32
Q

B cells mature where?

A

bone marrow

33
Q

T cells mature where?

A

thymus

34
Q

what are the primary lymph organs?

A

bone marrow and thymus

35
Q

lymph nodes serve for

A

proliferation of multiplication

36
Q

the lymphatic system are tissues and organs that are designed and located to convey the __ and ___ cells into contact with all antigens that enter the body. Moves through ______ ______.,

A

B and T cells. moves through lymph fluid

37
Q

Type of T cells:

attack and kill cells that bear antigens

A

cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ or killer T cells)

38
Q

Type of T cells:

help other immune cells

A

helper T cells/CD4+

39
Q

type of T cell:

tells B cells and T cells to chill out and hang in the lymph

A

supressor T cells

40
Q

type of T cells:

remain after the infection and produce the 4 kinds of T cells if activated

A

memory T cells

41
Q

How does cell mediated immunity happen?

A

modified host cell arrives –> T cells are activated —> secrete cytokines —> increase of T cell reproduction –.> attraction of macrophages –> activate phagocytosis (to eat) or cytotoxic T cells (to punch holes in and die) –> control of disease (memory T cells)

42
Q

How does humoral immmunity happen?

A

bacteria with antigens enter the body –> B cells recognize it is foreign (the helper T cells tell B cells what to do) –> differeniate into plasma and memory cells –> antigen/antibody complex forms –> phagocytosis –> control of disease

43
Q

what happens in humoral immunity when they differentiate into the plasma?

A

produce antibody

44
Q

what happens in humoral immunity when they differentiate into the memory cells?

A

help in case of recurring exposure/ always remember for future

45
Q

Secondary humoral immune response: B memory cells respond to

A

antigen immediately

46
Q

After the B memory cells respond to antigen immediately the plasma…

A

rises within days

47
Q

_______ _____ cause a secondary humoral immune response so antibody levels will be high before the disease is encountered

A

booster shots

48
Q

B lymphocytes create what in response to antigens?

A

antibodies

49
Q

responsible for newborn protection, activates complement and binds to macrophages. passed from mom to baby (passive transfer). displays antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial properites, antivenom. gets used up immediately

A

IgG

50
Q

IgG is used up

A

immediately

51
Q

forms natural antibodies; promiment in early immune responses, activates complement

A

IgM

52
Q

describe passive immunity:

A

antibodies are formed somewhere else other than you. it is immediate and not long lasting

53
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

it is an adaptive/active immunity because your body still has to adapt and create antibodies for it.

Pathophysiology (25 decks)

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