Chapter 35

Question 1

bladder function

Answer 1

store and empty urine

Question 2

what is the urine flow?

Answer 2

kidneys -> ureters -> bladder -> sphincter -> urethra

Question 3

parasympathetic system promotes

Answer 3

bladder emptying

Question 4

sympathetic system promotes

Answer 4

bladder filling

Question 5

parasympathetic NS involves issues with

Answer 5

relaxation of internal sphincter

Question 6

sympathetic NS involves issues with

Answer 6

contraction of internal sphincter

Question 7

process of urine elimantion

Answer 7

• detrusor muscle contracts to push urine out (sometimes abdominal muscles may be used)
• internal sphincter relaxes
• external sphincter relaxes

Question 8

urinary obstruction with

Answer 8

retention or stasis of urine

Question 9

urinary incontinence with

Answer 9

involuntary loss of urine

Question 10

what are the causes of altered bladder function?

Answer 10

• structural changes in the bladder, urethra or surrounding organs
• impairment of neurological control of bladder function (neurogenic bladder)

Question 11

obstruction and stasis is classified by

Answer 11

location, cause, duration and degree

Question 12

obstruction can be in the

Answer 12

bladder neck, urethra, external urethreal meatus, pelvic organ prolapse, prostate

Question 13

what happens in the early stage of obstruction/stasis?

Answer 13

hypertrophy, spasm, incontinence, urgency, and frequency

Question 14

what happens in the compensatory stage?

Answer 14

further hypertrophy, increased pressure to overcome resistance but becomes ineffective.

Question 15

what happens in decompensatory stage?

Answer 15

compensation is o longer effective. pronounced symptoms and overstretched bladder and infections

Question 16

signs and symptoms of outflow obstruction and urine retention

Answer 16

bladder distention, hesitancy, straining when initating urination, small and weak stream, frequency, feeling of incomplete bladder emptying, overflow incontinence

Question 17

neural damage can cause interruption of central nervous system control

Answer 17

neurogenic bladder

Question 18

failure to empty bladder =

Answer 18

flaccid bladder/overstretched

Question 19

mainfestations of failure to empty bladder

Answer 19

high volume, low pressure, no contraction, and issue with muscle contraction and bladder emptying

Question 20

failure to store urine is also called

Answer 20

spastic bladder

Question 21

manifestations of spastic bladder

Answer 21

involuntary contraction, spasms and leaking, neuro lesions (incontinence, interrupted, incomplete voiding)

Question 22

what are the common causes of neurogenic bladder?

Answer 22

stroke/advanced age, Parkinsons disease, spinal cord injury, injury to sacral cord/spinal roots, radical pelvic surgrey, diabetic neuropathies, MS

Question 23

name the types of incontinence

Answer 23

1. stress
2. overactive bladder
3. overflow

Question 24

spincter unable to prevent escape of urine during activity. pelvic floor weakness in women. examples: coughing, sneezing, lifting

Answer 24

stress incontinence

Question 25

urge with involuntary loss of urine. involuntary bladder contractions during filling while trying to inhibit micturition

Answer 25

overactive bladder

Question 26

involuntary loss of urine, never feel urge to urinate, bladder never empties, small amounts of urine leak continously.

Answer 26

overflow (reduced urethral function, overactivity/low bladder compliance)

Question 27

incontinence usually related to

Answer 27

bladder, spincter, pelvic weakness

Question 28

chronic obstruction leads to compensation by

Answer 28

increases urinary frequency, bladder muscles overstretched and tired, unable to push for long periods of time, and go frequently