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Pathophysiology > chapter 23 > Flashcards

chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of blood

A 
Transport medium for specialized 
defense cells
Distribution of nutrients, oxygen and 
hormones
Transport medium for metabolic wastes
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2
Q

function of erythrocyte

A

Carry Oxygen with the Help of Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Binds CO2 (carbon dioxide) and
returns to lungs

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3
Q

Hemoglobin must have…

A

Iron
APPROX 65% OF IRON IS IN FORM OF
HEMOGLOBIN
approx 30+% stored in liver as Ferritin

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4
Q

Hemoglobin

A 
Complex protein; Composed of Heme 
(the iron & biliverdin portion) + Globin 
(the amino acid portion)
2 alpha + 2 Beta chains
Carries O2 from lungs to tissues and 
CO2 from tissues to lungs
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5
Q

Erythropoietin is produced in

A

the Kidneys
Stimulated by Hypoxia
Synthetic Erythropoietin Available

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6
Q

some causes of decreased erythropoiesis are

A

Kidney Failure

Chemotherapy or Medications

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7
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Erythrocyte Production/Stimulation

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8
Q

Required Dietary Factors for RBC

production

A

 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) - required for DNA
synthesis
intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of
B12
 Folic acid - (folate) required for DNA synthesis
 Iron - required for hemoglobin synthesis
 Vitamin C - increases absorption of iron

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9
Q

RBCS last about

A

120 days

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10
Q

RBCs are destroyed in

A

spleen or liver

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11
Q

RBC destruction

A

Hemoglobin is broken down
Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin and
excreted in bile via the gallbladder.
Iron (heme element) is carried on transferrin
to the liver were it is stored as ferritin or back
to the bone marrow to be reused
Globin/amino acid portion is recycled

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12
Q

red blood cell count measures

A

the total number of red blood cells in

1 mm3 of blood

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13
Q

average RBC count for male and female

A

Male: 4.35-5.65 trillion cells/L* (4.32-5.72 million cells/mcL**)
Female: 3.92-5.13 trillion cells/L (3.90-5.03 million cells/mcL

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14
Q

Percentage of reticulocytes

A

(normally
approximately 1%)
Provides an index of the rate of red cell
production

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15
Q

Hemoglobin Lab test

A

measured in grams per
100 mL of blood)
Measures the hemoglobin content of the blood

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16
Q

hematocrit

A

Measures the volume of red cell mass in 100

mL of plasma volume

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17
Q

things you might see in anemia

A 
- Hypoxia
Fatigue
weakness
dyspnea 
Pallor
Tachycardia
18
Q

adapting to anemia

A

heart rate increases, respiratory rate increases. this occurs at rest or with small exertion

19
Q

microcytic

A

small RBC

20
Q

normocytic

A

normal size RBC

21
Q

macrocytic

A

large RBC

22
Q

normochromic

A

Normal amount of Hemoglobin

23
Q

hypochromic

A

Low amount of Hemoglobin (pale)

24
Q

hyperchromic

A

Elevated amount/weight of

Hemoglobin (bright red)

25
Q

pathophysiologic anemia

A

Increased destruction
Decreased production
Blood loss and sequestration; inherited (congenital) or acquired

26
Q

internal blood loss anemia

A

joints, tauma, hematoma

27
Q

external blood loss anemia

A

GI, renal, menses, bleeding disorder

28
Q

blood loss anemia symptoms

A

mainly secondary to
hypovolemia
May be hard to recognize if chronic
Will eventually lead to iron loss anemia

29
Q

sickle cell anemia (hemolytic)

A 
Mutation in beta 
chains of 
hemoglobin
•When hemoglobin 
is deoxygenated, 
beta chains link 
together  Forming 
long protein rods 
that make the cell 
“sickle”
30
Q

sickle cell triggers

A

Conditions which are associated with
low oxygen levels, increased acidity, or
low volume (dehydration) of the blood.
(Cold, stress, infection, physical exertion)
These conditions can occur as a result
of injury to the body’s tissues,
dehydrating states, or anesthesia.

31
Q

sickled cells block____. this causes____

A

capillaries; acute pain, Infarctions cause chronic damage to liver,
spleen, heart, kidneys, eyes, bones
Pulmonary infarction
Cerebral infarction ->stroke

32
Q

jaundice

A

r/t increased heme destruction
exceeding liver’s ability to conjugate and excrete
bilirubin

33
Q

iron-deficiency anemia (IDA)

A

often caused by chronic blood loss, most common anemia worldwide, malabsorption, small pale RBCs, no Iron=no color, blood loss causes decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit, hemolysis (destruction), increased demands

34
Q

megaloblastic anemias

A

large RBCs, think nutrition, large deformed RBCs, can’t carry HgB

35
Q

chronic disease anemias

A

Ex. Chronic Renal Failure; Normal size/color,

just not enough of them

36
Q

pernicious anemia

A

No intrinsic factor-> vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed-> alteration in DNA synthesis needed for cell division-> delayed cellular division, altered nuclear pattern, megaloblastic anemia-> ineffective erythropoiesis: increased serum bilirubin and urobilinogen excretion

37
Q

mild to moderate anemia is seen in:

A

AIDS, RA, SLE, HEP, renal failure, malig

38
Q

pathologic mechanisms in anemia of chronic disease/inflammation

A

 Decreased erythrocyte life span
 Erythropoietin- Not making enough
- May be r/t renal pt and/or hemodialysis
 Altered iron metabolism

39
Q

polycythemia

A

increase in circulating blood cells in the blood due to bone marrow overgrowth
Classified as chronic myeloproliferative
disorder (making too many myelocytes)

40
Q

forms of polycythemia

A
  • polycythemia vera (primary)

- secondary polycythemia

41
Q

polycythemia vera

A

increase in RBC, increase in WBC, increase in platelets. r/t increases in cell counts, treat with phlebotomy

42
Q

secondary polycythemia

A 
A possible complication of COPD, 
secondary polycythemia is a rare 
disorder that causes too many red 
blood cells in the blood. When 
too many red blood cells are 
produced, the blood becomes 
thick, hindering its passage 
through the smaller blood vessels

Pathophysiology (25 decks)

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