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Pathophysiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of body fluids?

A
  • transport gases, nutrients, and wastes
  • help generate the electrical activity needed to power body functions
  • take part in the transformation of food into energy
  • maintain the overall function of the body
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2
Q

body fluid is made of what 2 compontents?

A

intracellular compartment and extracellular compartments

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3
Q

extracellular compartment is made up of what

A
  • intersitital fluid
  • plasma compartment
  • transcellular compartment
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4
Q

the plasma compartment of ECF may be referred to as

A

serum

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5
Q

plasma contains a high amount

A

of protein in blood

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6
Q

interstitial fluid does ____ circulate

A

not

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7
Q

interstitial fluid surrounds __________ within tissue spaces and lymph.

A

cells/fluid

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8
Q

transcellular fluid is ________ of the normal compartments.

A

outside

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9
Q

transcellular fluid is separated by a layer of _________

A

epithelium

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10
Q

plasma and interstitial fluids contain large amounts of

A

Na+ and Cl-, mainly in the form of NaCl

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11
Q

Intracellular fluid contains large amounts of

A

potassium

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12
Q

capillary/intersitial fluid exchange is the forces that keep ________ ________ in check

A

interstitial fluid

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13
Q

lymph helps move what?

A

fluid

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14
Q

cells will neither shrink nor swell

A

isotonic

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15
Q

cells will swell

A

hypotonic

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16
Q

cells will shrink

A

hypertonic

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17
Q

accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

A

edema

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18
Q

what is pitting edema?

A

when you press the edema and a pit/dent forms

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19
Q

describe a isotonic disorder

A

too much or too little, but still the same. proportionate amount Na+ and H2O lost.

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20
Q

reasons for isotonic disorder

A

dehydration and fluid excess

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21
Q

What is the range of sodium?

A

135-145

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22
Q

What is the most plentiful electrolyte in the ECF?

A

sodium

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23
Q

Sodium is important for

A

acid-base balance and contributor to nervous system

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24
Q

Patient is presenting with high levels of sodium and experencing symptoms of dry skin and mucus membranes as well headache, restlessness and agitation. What disorder are the suffering from?

A

hypernatremia

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25
Q

describe hypernatremia

A

sodium level more than 145
net loss of water, sweating and failure to drink
S/S: dry skin and mucus membranes
CNS symptoms: headache, restlessness, and agitation

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26
Q

describe hyponatremia

A

sodium level less than 135
net gain of water due to renal disease and heart failure
sodium loss due to sweating
S/S: disorientation, confusion, gross motor function

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27
Q

normal potassium level

A

3.5-5.5

28
Q

most potassium is stored in the

A

muscle

29
Q

potassium is lost in the

A

urine

30
Q

patient is presenting low potassium levels and is experiencing cardiac symptoms. what might the patient be suffering from?

A

hypokalemia

31
Q

describe hypokalemia

A

potassium levels lower than 3.5

arrhythmias

32
Q

what are some of the reasons for hypokalemia?

A

inadequate intake
excessive GI, renal, and skin losses
redistribution between the ICF and ECF

33
Q

describe hyperkalemia:

A

level >5.5
decreased renal elimination
movement ICF to ECF
S/S: most related to neuromuscular excitability, parasthesias, SOB secondary to respiratory muscle weakness, heart: bradycardia, V fib

34
Q

what is the calcium value

A

8.5-10.5

35
Q

calcium is controlled by

A

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

36
Q

Calcium most be in the ECF for _____ ________

A

blood clotting

37
Q

Calcium is important for contraction of ________ ______.

A

smooth muscle

38
Q

hypocalcemia is usually caused by

A

low albumin

39
Q

your patients lab come back and indicate that your patient has hypocalcemia. what would the lab levels be to indicate this?

A

< 8.5mg

40
Q

hypocalcemia is usually _______, but in severe cases can cause _________ and ________.

A

asymptomatic. tetany and seizures

41
Q

what are the lab levels for hypercalcemia?

A

> 10.5 mg

42
Q

hypercalcemia is usually caused by kidneys not being able to _______

A

eliminate

43
Q

the most common cause of hypercalcemia is increased _________ ________ due to neoplasms and hyperparathyroidism.

A

bone reabsorption

44
Q

signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia are most related to

A

cardiac

45
Q

what are the values for magnesium?

A

1.8-3

46
Q

magnesium is required for energy metabolism and _________ _____ ________.

A

proper DNA replication

47
Q

magnesium is essential for all reactions that require _____.

A

ATP

48
Q

magnesium is a _______ _______.

A

muscle relaxer.

49
Q

patient presents with magnesium level of 1.2 and cardiac symptoms like tachycardia. what could your patient be suffering from?

A

hypomagnesemia

50
Q

hypomagnesemia is usually from

A

insufficent intake, alcoholism, diarrhea, and medications

51
Q

If you see a low Mg+ lab level, what other lab levels may be low?

A

K+ and Ca+

52
Q

what are the values for hypermagnesemia?

A

> 3.0

53
Q

hypermagnesemia is usually related to

A

renal insufficiency

54
Q

what medications might contribute to hypermagnesemia?

A

laxative, antacids, mineral supplement

55
Q

what is are the manifestations of hypermagnesemia?

A

hyporeflexia (too relaxed), low BP, and cardiac arrest

56
Q

normal pH is ______ - ______.

A

7.35-7.45

57
Q

the lower the pH, the more _____.

A

acid

58
Q

the higher the pH, the more _____.

A

base

59
Q

acid base balance homeostasis is through

A

bicarbonate buffer system

60
Q

What are the normal CO2 levels?

A

35-45

61
Q

more CO2 =

A

acid

62
Q

HCO3- is a _____.

A

base

63
Q

normal range of HCO3-

A

22-26

64
Q

There is a problem with the lungs, and they are not able to rid the body of excess CO2. this is called _________

A

acidosis from the lungs or respiratory acidosis

65
Q

Acidosis from lungs (respiratory acidosis) is when the pH is ______ and CO2 is ______

A

pH <7.35 and CO2 >45

66
Q

When the kidneys are either producing too little HCO3 or producing too much acid through metabolic processes that the kidney cannot keep up. This is called _______

A

acidosis from the kidneys or metabolic acidosis

67
Q

Acidosis from the kidneys (metabolic acidosis) is when pH is _____ and HCO3- is _______.

A

pH <7.35 and HCO3- <22

Pathophysiology (25 decks)

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