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ECOL 182R > Lecture 7: Diversity of Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Diversity of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Angiosperms

A

Have fruits and flowers

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2
Q

Above ground parts of a plant

A

Shoot System

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3
Q

Below Ground parts of a plant

A

Root System

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4
Q

Stem

A

the main supporting structure

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5
Q

fruit

A

protects the seed

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6
Q

leaf

A

performs photsysnthesis

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7
Q

flower

A

helps in reproduction

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8
Q

root

A

absorbs water and minerals

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9
Q

Summary of Leaf functions

A

1) Photosynthesis
2) minimize water loss
3) transport water and sugar (via leaf veins)
4) adapt to environment

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10
Q

Stomota

A

pours on underside of leaf that capture C02

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11
Q

guard cells

A

guard what is going in and out of leaf through stomata; prevents water loss and regulates how much C02 comes in

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12
Q

the opening and number of stomates control the rate of ___________.

A

transpiration

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13
Q

vascular bundle

A

leaf veins; contain…

xylem: pulls water up from roots
(Phloem: cycles sugar to rest of plant)

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14
Q

functions of the stem

A
  • provides mechnical support to the leaves and branches
  • transport water and minerals
  • photosynthesis in some plants
  • store materials (water, sugar)
  • adapted for specialized functions
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15
Q

root system functions

A

1) ANCHOR the plant
2) ABSORB water and minerals
3) PRODUCE hormones

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16
Q

3 types of roots

A

1) tap root: straight, grows vertically down, central location where rootlets spring
2) fibrous root: mass of many roots that are similarly sized
3) adventitious root: form in weird places

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17
Q

flower functions (important for pollination)

A

(modified leaves)

1) contain sexual organs
2) produce fruit
3) attract insects for pollination

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18
Q

pollination

A

the act of transferring pollen grain from the male anther to the female part, the stigma

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19
Q

fruit functions (important for seed dispersal)

A

1) ENCLOSES the mature seeds
2) NOURISH the seed
3) CARRY the seed using diverse dispersal mechanisms

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20
Q

seed dispersal

A

the mechanism in which plant seeds are transported to new sights (for germination and establish new individuals)

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21
Q

how are plant cells unique (3)

A
  • have a box like CELL WALL that surround a cell membrane (animal cells have cell membrane but no wall)
  • contain singular large fluid filled VACUOLE (water)
  • have organelles called CHOLORPLASTS
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22
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly like material that makes up inside of plant cell; holding organelles, helps plant retain its shape

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23
Q

cellulose

A
  • main component of cell wall
  • crystylizes into microfibrils
  • covers the plasma membrane
24
Q

middle lamella

A

glues adjacent plant cells together

25
Q

plant cells cannot commincate via direct

A

physical contact due to barriers (cell wall, middle lamella)

26
Q

plasmodesmota

A

-small channels that connect adjacent cells
-plasma membrane passes through them to allow for a contiguous membrane from cell to cell
allow for direct communication
-occur in single or in clusters

27
Q

how were plasmodesmata created

A

when endoplasmic reticulum were trapped across the middle lamella in cell division

28
Q

vacuole

A
  • the warehouse and reaction tank
  • mainly composed of water and organic and inorganic molecules including enzymes
  • single membrane
  • allows plant cells to be large without making a lot of cytoplasm
  • stores ions, sugars, amino acids, pigments
  • mechanism for digestion (digests aging organelles) (similar to lysosome in animals)
  • defense mechanism (toxic chemicals)
29
Q

3 membranes of chloroplast (don’t need to know)

A

1) outer (endosymbiosis)
2) inner (from endosymbiosis)
3) thylakoid

30
Q

What does respiration mean in terms of mitochondria?

A

it converts chemical energy stored in sugars into energy stored in ATP

31
Q

how many membranes does mitochondria have?

A

Two (inner and outer membrane: result of endosymbiosis)

32
Q

Chloroplast and Mitochondria similarities

A
  • reproduce via fission (similar to prokaryotes)
  • similar in size to bacteria
  • have own circular DNA
  • have own bacteria like ribosomes
  • both have an inner and outer membrane from endosymbiosis
  • both semi-autonomous
33
Q

all land plants developed from an …

A

embryo (an undeveloped plant inside a seed) that is protected by tissues of the parent plant.

34
Q

All land plants have…

A

-have protected, multicellular, spore-producing structures (sporangia) that produce gametes.

35
Q

gamete

A

mature reproductive or sex cell that contains a haploid number of chromosomes

36
Q

haploid

A

???

37
Q

3 dominant types of sexual life cycles

A

1) diploid-dominant
2) haploid-dominant
3) alternation of generations

38
Q

diploid-dominant

A

multicellular diploid stage is the most obvious life stage
-diploid meaning both sets of chromosomes
-only haploid cells, meaning one set of chromosomes, are the gametes
-gametes are the reproductive sex cell
-humans and most animals are diploid dominant
human chromosomes (46); 23 from each parent

39
Q

Mitosis Vs Meosis

A

Mitosis goal is growth (two identical cells);

Goal of meiosis is diversity (make 4 different cells that are all haploid)

40
Q

haploid-dominant

A

multicellular, haploid stage is the most obvious life stage

• Fungi and some algae

41
Q

alternation of generations

A

haploid and diploid stages both multicellular and both dominate at some point
• Multicellular structures develop to protect the reproductive structures
• Aided the transition to life on land
• Plants and some algae have an “alternation of generations”

42
Q

alternation of generations

A

haploid and diploid stages both multicellular and both dominate at some point
• Multicellular structures develop to protect the reproductive structures
• Aided the transition to life on land
• Plants and some algae have an “alternation of generations”

43
Q

what’s the product of meiosis?

A

haploid

44
Q

what’s the product of fertilization

A

diploid

45
Q

Summary of generalized plant life cycle

A
  • Plants (algae, fungi) alternate between diploid and haploid phases (each a major part of life cycle).
  • Fertilization and meiosis are the processes that result in diploid or haploid forms, respectively.
  • In ALL land plants, both generations are fundamentally different from each other and one form gives rise to the other form.
46
Q

zygote

A

(single cell, 2n): produced by syngamy (aka fertilization) from gametes

47
Q

gamete

A

(single cell, n): produced by mitosis goes through syngamy to produce the zygote

48
Q

spore

A

(single cell, n): produced by meiosis from the sporophyte; goes through mitosis to produce the gametophyte (in asexual cycle spore can be produced by mitosis and can be n or 2n)

49
Q

gametophyte

A

(n multicellular body): produced by mitosis from spores, goes through mitosis to produce gametes

50
Q

Major plant groups

A
  • Land plants
  • vascular plants
  • seed plants
  • flowering plants
51
Q

bryophyte (mosses)

A

“Mosses”: no vascular tissues (e.g., need water)

52
Q

pteridophyte (ferns)

A

“Ferns”: produce spores, first vascular tissues

53
Q

gymnosperms (cones)

A

Gymnosperms: produce seeds

54
Q

Angiosperms (flowers)

A

Angiosperms: produce flowers/fruits

55
Q

Hypothesis for Shift from Gametophyte -> Sporophyte Dominance in Vascular Plants

A
  • Gametophytes are small. Large, upward growth (from sporophyte generation) was necessary for plants to compete for light.
  • Taller, upright sporophyte can disperse more spores (increase reproductive capabilities).
  • Diploid cells of the sporophyte are more protected from mutation (since diploid sporophyte contains two copies of each gene), so sporophyte became favored generation.
    • Function of gametophyte is only to produce gametes (less energy required for reduced size).

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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