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ECOL 182R > Lecture 10: Animal Diversity 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Animal Diversity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Cnidaria aka

A

“nettle animals”

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2
Q

What are the different group of Cnidaria?

A

1) Anthozoa
2) Schyfozoa
3) Staurozoa
4) Cubozoa
5) Hydrozoa

*Cnidaria mainly refers to corals and jellyfish

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3
Q

Anthozoa

A

Corals and sea anemones

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4
Q

Schyfozoa

A

swimming jellyfish

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5
Q

Staurozoa

A

stalked jellyfish

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6
Q

Cubozoa

A

Box jellyfish

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7
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Hydroids and siphonophores

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8
Q

Two basic body forms of Cnidaria

A
  • the polyp (sedentary)
  • the medusa (mobile)

Note: Many have both forms in their life cycle

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9
Q

What is the main adaptation for feeding and defense for Cnidaria?

A

Nematocysts: organelle that functions like a miniature harpoon

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10
Q

Nematocysts

A

organelle that functions like a miniature harpoon

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11
Q

Explain the process of Nematocysts

A

1) Trigger senses ‘foreign’ chemical profile
2) ‘Harpoon’ released - can pierce a crab shell
3) Releases toxin - some species have toxins fatal to humans

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12
Q

What do Cnidarians use their nematocysts for?

A

1) Capturing prey
2) Defense against predators
3) Defending territories

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13
Q

Corals

A

-polyp-form cnidarians, live in large colonies, and secrete calcium carbonate

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14
Q

When old polyps die,

A

new ones build on top

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15
Q

Coral Reefs

A

millions of coral skeletons with living corals on the periphery

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16
Q

Reefs are important because…

A

1) provide habitat
2) protect coast lines from storms
3) sequester carbon
4) fix nitrogen
5) filter water
6) provide nutrients to marine life

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17
Q

Corals live in…

A

shallow, clear, saline water because they are getting their energy thru photosynthesis

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18
Q

Corals get much of their energy and carbon from…

A

photosynthesizing protists called dinoflagellates that live within their cells

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19
Q

Dinoflagellates are…

A

-the “autotrophs” (self- feeders) of the coral reef community

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20
Q

What is a good indicator of water quality?

A

Corals (ph balance)

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21
Q

What are the two types of Cnidaria Reproduction?

A
  • Asexual reproduction

- Sexual reproduction

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22
Q

cnidaria Asexual reproduction

A

budding off from polyps

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23
Q

Cnidaria Sexual reproduction

A

fertilized eggs give rise to mobile, planktonic forms (plankton: marine drifters)

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24
Q

How do Lophotrochozoans grow?

A

incrementally by adding to their skeletal elements (ie - Clame)

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25
Q

What are the three types of Lophotrochozoans?

A

1) Platyhelminthes
2) Annelida
3) Mollusca

26
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Platyhelminthes

A

(aka flatworms)

1) No body cavity (acoelomate)
2) Most have a mouth but no anus
3) Lack circulatory and respiratory systems (absorb O2 through body wall)
4) Move via muscle contraction and/or beat cilia

27
Q

How do Platyhelminthes get O2?

A

absorb O2 through body wall)

28
Q

Some Platyhelminthes are free-living, many are…

A

parasites

29
Q

Some of the parasites have …

A
  • complex life cycles

(e. g., several different forms and more than one host

30
Q

Provide an example of a Platyhelminth parasite with a complex life cycle.

A

Human liver fluke: must pass through two other hosts to complete life cycle!

31
Q

Explain the Platyhelminthes parasite Schistosoma

A
  • Each stage morphologically distinct
  • Can only infect the next host in life cycle

1) Parasite eggs shed in human feces, gets into water
2) Eggs hatch, infect snails
3) Snails shed swimming stage
4) Burrow into human skin, infect organs, reproduce

32
Q

definitive host

A

where parasite reproduces

opposite would be intermediate host

33
Q

In the Platyhelminthe parasite Schistosoma, humans are the ____________ and snails are the ______________.

A
  • definitive host

- intermediate host

34
Q

Schistosoma causes…

A

Schistosomiasis

  • Found throughout tropical regions of the world
  • 200 million people infected, chronic infection damages the liver, intestines, lungs, 10% develop severe consequences
  • Adequate sanitation, potable water, species control (e.g., snail populations) would reduce disease transmission
35
Q

Provide an example of asexual reproduction in Platyhelminthes.

A

Planaria which can be cut in two.

36
Q

Annelida

A 
(aka segmented worms)
Examples 
-earthworms, 
-Polychaete worms (mostly marine forms), 
-Leeches
37
Q

Describe Annelida morphology

A

1) Coelom
2) Segmentation of body and coelom
3) Head with brain (more sophisticated nervous system)
4) Respiration across body wall

38
Q

3 types of feeding by Annelida

A

1) Organic material in SOIL (e.g., decaying plants and animals)
2) FILTER feeders
3) PARASITIC

39
Q

A leech is an example of…

A

Annelida acting as a parasite

40
Q

Describe the medical uses of leeches

A
  • ‘blood letting’ popular for centuries, fell out of favor in mid 1800s
  • recently found to be very useful in reattaching severed tissues
  • anticoagulant in saliva prevents clotting, allows veins to re-grow
  • better than synthetic compounds which act throughout the body, have side effects
41
Q

How many Mollusca species are there

A

Very diverse: 110,000 species (compare to ~ 30,000 vertebrates)

42
Q

Provide examples of mollusks with shells and without

A

with:

  • chitons
  • snails
  • bivalves (clams)

without
-octopus

43
Q

nudibranchs (marine sea slugs)

A

(marine sea slugs)

-colorful mollusks

44
Q

What Morphology Adaptations of the Mollusk

A
  • Mantle

- Radula

45
Q

mantle

A

(sheet of skin)
• forms the shell (when there is one)
• gills for gas exchange
• muscular cavity that forcibly ejects water for locomotion (in cephalopods)

46
Q

radula

A

(a hardened tongue)
• Probably evolved for scraping algae off rocks,
• In different species has been modified for puncturing, slicing, manipulating food

47
Q

Most mollusks are grazers like snails on algae but can also be

A

predacious (like the octopus that kept eating sharks in the aquarium)

48
Q

All cephalopods can only …

A

reproduce once except for the nautilus

49
Q

The octopus is what kind of mollusk

A

cephalopod along with squid, cuttlefish and nautilus.

50
Q

The octopus is what kind of mollusk

A

cephalopod along with squid, cuttlefish and nautilus.

51
Q

This particular cephalopod is the largest invertebrate.

A
  • the giant squid (about 60 feet) -first seen in 2004

- eyes the size of volleyballs and tentacles the size of school buses

52
Q

Cephalopod characteristics

A
  • Giant (fast) axons: most highly developed nervous system of invertebrates
  • Chromatophores (allow sudden color changes) for disguise, confusion, courtship and predation. Most amazing use of these in cuttlefish
  • Intelligence (e.g., tool use by octopuses)
53
Q

Chromatophores

A

allow sudden color changes

54
Q

Nematoda (roundworms) body plan is very simple. It is basically a…

A

“a tube within a tube”

55
Q

how many nemotoda species are there?

A

20,000 species, range in length from 0.3 mm to 8 m (the longest found in a whale placenta!)

56
Q

Up to _______humans infected with human roundworm parasite

A

1⁄4

57
Q

Two types of Nematoda (roundworms) feeding?

A
  • Many free-living DECOMPOSERS and

* PARASITES of almost everything (plants and animals)

58
Q

Trichinosis

A

-disease associated with Trichinella infection)

-not very common any more
• In 1940, 16% of US human population infected
• In 1970, 4% of US human population infected
• In 2008-2010, average of 20 cases per year (mostly from wild game)
• Decrease due to improvements in pig diet, rodent control, stringent inspections, and quality control for pork consumption

59
Q

Trichinella

A

a roundworm parasite of mammals, including rodents, pigs and humans

  • Pigs get infected from eating uncooked meat scraps or from rodent contamination
  • Trichinella worms lay eggs in intestine, young larvae travel through arteries and encyst in muscles. Can live for years.
60
Q

One way nematoda parasites can be our allies

A

• Insect-parasitic nematodes are used for pest control.

61
Q

Nematoda reproduce…

A

sexually. some species have both sexes, some are hermaphrodites

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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