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ECOL 182R > Lecture 17: Adaptations > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Bryophytes

A

Mosses

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2
Q

Ferns

A

Seedless Vascular plants

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3
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Cone trees

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4
Q

Flowers

A

Flowering plants

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5
Q

origin of land plants

A

450 million years ago

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6
Q

Plants Evolved from…

A

Green Algae

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7
Q

Primary Challenges to Life on Land (expanded version)

A
  1. Obtaining resources: algae absorbs CO2 and minerals from the water; whole alga performs photosynthesis
  2. Maintaining moisture: algae absorbs water from living in the aqueous environment
  3. Staying upright: algae is supported and stays buoyant by the surrounding water (or floats in it)
  4. Reproduction: algae uses water, which is required for male sperm to reach female egg (and water prevents offspring from drying out)
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8
Q

Primary Challenges to Life on Land (short version)

A
  1. Obtaining resources
  2. Maintaining moisture
  3. Staying upright
  4. Reproduction
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9
Q

Earliest land plants did NOT have true roots (only______ )

A

rhizoids

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10
Q

Adaptations of Land Plants

A
  1. Plant body: obtaining resources, maintaining moisture, and staying upright
    - Symbiosis with fungi: mycorrhizae
    - Large, compact, multicellular: specialize in a variety of
    functions (e.g., leaf)
    - Waterproofing: cuticle, 3D plant body, seeds/spores
    - Stem support: Led to the evolution of wood
    - Root systems: minerals from soil (earliest land plants had a rhizoid that only anchored plant)
  2. Life cycles
    - Embryo:young plants in a protective structure
    - Gamete protection: multicellular structures for protection
    - Coordination: gamete provided with moisture
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11
Q

Explain role of Mycorrhizae in plants

A
  • Mutualistic (both benefit), symbiotic (two different species living together) association between fungi and plant
  • Fungus provides water & nutrients (esp. phosphorus) via hyphae (similar to roots with high surface-to-volume ratio)
  • Plant provides sugars from photosynthesis
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12
Q

Heterophylly

A

Occurs when there are different leaf shapes on the same plant.

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13
Q

Give an example of lignified xylem

A

wood

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14
Q

Major root functions

A
  1. Anchor the plant firmly to a substrate
  2. Absorb water and minerals
  3. Produce hormones
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15
Q

All Land Plants developed from an…

A

embryo that is protected by tissues of the parent plant.

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16
Q

All Land Plants have…

A

multicellular, gamete-producing structures.

17
Q

Gametes

A

mature reproductive or sex cell that contains a haploid number of chromosomes.

18
Q

All Land Plants have protected, multicellular, spore-producing structures (_______) that produce gametes.

A

sporangia

19
Q

Major Types of Sexual Life Cycles (expanded version)

A
  1. Diploid-dominant:multicellular,diploid stage is the most obvious life stage
    • Diploid means having both sets of chromosomes (from each parent)
    • Only haploid cells, meaning only one set of chromosomes, are the gametes
    • Gametes are the reproductive/sex cells (i.e., egg/sperm cells)
    • Humans and most animals are “diploid dominant”
    • Human chromosome number = 46 (23 46 (23 from each parent)
  2. Haploid-dominant: multicellular, haploid stage is the most obvious life stage
    • Fungi and some algae
  3. “Alternation of generations”: haploid and diploid stages both multicellular and both dominate at some point
    • Multicellular structures develop to protect the reproductive structures
    • Aided the transition to life on land
    • Plants and some algae have an “alternation of generations”
20
Q

All Land Plants have __________ life cycle to protect of reproductive structures.

A

alternation of generation

21
Q

________ and _______ are the processes that result in diploid or haploid forms, respectively.

A
  • fertilization

- meiosis

22
Q

Major Types of Sexual Life Cycles

A
  1. Diploid-dominant
  2. Haploid-dominant
  3. “Alternation of generations

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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