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ECOL 182R > Lecture 11: Animal Diversity 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Animal Diversity 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Arthropoda

A

“jointed feet”

invertebrates with an exoskeleton and jointed legs

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2
Q

Describe Arthropoda morphology

A

1) Appendages with JOINTS
2) Body SEGMENTED
3) External skeleton: EXOSKELETON (of chitin)
4) RESPIRATION uses tracheae (terrestrial), gills (aquatic), or book lungs (spiders, horseshoe crabs)

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3
Q

jointed appendage means

A

growth from the body of an organism that has a joint in it (elbow)

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4
Q

What are the three segmentations of Arthropoda?

A

Three fused segments:

1) head
2) thorax
3) abdomen

• Some have fused head + thorax (cephalothorax)

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5
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Arthropoda exoskeleton?

A

Benefits:

1) Muscle attachment
2) Protection

Drawbacks:

1) Vulnerable at times
2) Size limiting

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6
Q

An exoskeleton is a series of __________

A

tubes

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7
Q

structural strength of a tube __________ as tube diameter __________.

A
  • decreases

- increases

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8
Q

As body size increases, so does…

A
  • SURFACE area,
  • SIZE of exoskeleton,
  • & VOLUME increases.
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9
Q

How do arthropods deal with size limits?

A

molting

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10
Q

Molting allows for (3)…

A
  • GROWTH,
  • SHEDDING unwanted “stuff” (e.g., parasites, barnacles on crabs, etc.),
  • and can even REGENERATE lost legs!
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11
Q

Four subphyla of Arthropoda

A

1) Crustacea
2) Hexapoda
3) Myriapoda
4) Chelicerata

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12
Q

Chelicerata includes…

A

scorpions, spiders, mites

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13
Q

Chelicerata includes…

A

scorpions, spiders, mites

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14
Q

First set of appendages of Chelicerate are modified into…

A

pincers or fangs

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15
Q

Chelicerata are mostly …

A

Mostly predatory but mites do almost everything (herbivores, predators, & parasites!)

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16
Q

Crustacea

A

dominant marine arthropods

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17
Q

Describe the morphology of the Crustacea

A
  • each segment of thorax and abdomen usually has an appendage
  • appendages may be branched
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18
Q

The first appendages of Crustacea and Hexapoda are …

A

antennae

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19
Q

Myriapoda

A

“lots of legs”

also have many segments (ie- millipedes and centipedes)

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20
Q

Hexapoda (largest subphyla)

A

“Classic” Insects

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21
Q

Hexapoda have (morphology)

A

1) Three body sections: head, thorax, abdomen

2) Six legs

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22
Q

_____% of all animals are arthropods.

A 
85%
-73% insects
-12% OTHER ARTHROPODS
4% CHORDATES
11% OTHER PHYLA
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23
Q

How many described insect species are there?

A

close to 900,000

  • Described vertebrate species ~ 38,000
  • Described mammal species ~ 4,500
  • Described insect species ~ 875,000
  • Many undescribed insects: estimates of 2 million - 30 million(!!!)
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24
Q

Why have insects been so successful?

A

Insects are very successful

1) SMALL SIZE: habitat becomes more complex as you become smaller, allows more subdivision
2) FLIGHT: more movement and rapid colonization of plants
3) Complete METAMORPHASIS (change in body plan) during development

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25
Q

A majority of all animal species are insects with complete _________.

A

metamorphosis

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26
Q

metamorphosis allows…

A

change in body plan
allows SPECIALIZATION

-immatures specialize in
feeding and growth

-adults specialize in
dispersal and reproduction

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27
Q

immature insects specialize in…

A

feeding and growth

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28
Q

adult insects specialize in…

A

dispersal and reproduction

29
Q

incomplete metamorphosis

A
  • when the juvenile versions look like miniature versions of adult.
  • not complete metamorphosis because the body plan isn’t totally different
30
Q

subphyla of Deuterostomes

A
  • Echinodermata

- Chordata

31
Q

Deuterostomes come from greek word meaning…

A

mouth second

refers to anus developing first and then the mouth second

32
Q

Echinos

A

spinny

33
Q

dermos

A

skin

34
Q

Echinodermata

A

named for spinny skin

-exclusively marine (not terrestrial)

35
Q

How many described living species are there in echinodermata?

A

7000

36
Q

examples of echinodermata

A

Sea stars,
sea urchins,
sand dollars,
sea cucumbers…

37
Q

Describe the echinodermata morphology

A
  • “Pentaradial” symmetry as adults: rays or arms arranged in groups of 5 (but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical)
  • An endoskeleton of interlocking calcium carbonate plates covered by epidermis
38
Q

Describe echinodermata physiology

A
  • System of canals: central ring canal and radial canals along arms
  • Water circulates through allowing for gas/nutrient/ waste exchange
  • Use “tube feet” to move and manipulate things
39
Q

What are three ways of Echinodermata: Feeding?

A

1) Predacious (sea stars)
2) Grazers (sea urchins)
3) Filter feeders (sea cucumbers, others)

40
Q

Describe echinodermata predacious feeding

A 
(eat bivalves like clams or mussels)
1) Attach themselves to both shells
2) Exert constant suction until
poor bivalves muscles exhausted
3) Evert their mouthparts and stomach into crack
41
Q

Chordates

A

Vertebrates + two small groups

the Tunicates and the Lancelates

42
Q

As adults tunicates look like __________ but _________ have the defining features of chordates

A
  • sponges

- Larvae

43
Q

Chordata defining features include…

A
  • a dorsal hollow nerve cord

* a notochord (a flexible rod, supporting the nerve cord) for at least part of life

44
Q

notochord

A

(a flexible rod, supporting the nerve cord) for at least part of life

45
Q

what happens to the notochord in vertebrates?

A

The notochord disappears early in development and is replaced by the vertebral column that surrounds the nerve cord

46
Q

Describe the general Vertebrate Body Plan

A

-Dorsal nervous system
-internal skeleton
-Organs suspended in
coelom
-Well-developed circulatory system with heart

47
Q

First vertebrates were likely _________

A

mud-suckers (ingested mud, removed organic material)

48
Q

in addition to being mud suckers, ancestral fish were also __________.

A

osmoregulatory

control solute levels in cells) abilities allowed fishes to exploit estuaries (ocean-fresh water interface

49
Q

osmoregulatory

A

(control solute levels in cells) abilities allowed fishes to exploit estuaries (ocean-fresh water interface)

50
Q

estuary

A

where salty water and fresh water meet

51
Q

First group of modern fishes…

A

jawless fishes

Examples: hagfish and lampreys

52
Q

Second group of modern fishes

A

cartilaginous fishes

ie-shark, rays

53
Q

third group of modern fishes…

A
  • ray-finned or bony fishes
    note: Cartilage replaced by bony skeleton

**most fish are in this group

54
Q

Ray-Finned Fishes

A

Evolved lunglike sacs for respiration, became modified into swim bladders

55
Q

what is the advantage of swim bladders?

A

Used for neutral buoyancy: staying motionless at a particular depth

56
Q

First Vertebrates on Land

A

Amphibians

ie-frogs, toads, salamanders

57
Q

their is no biological difference between frogs and toads only an ____________-

A

-ecological differences

58
Q

Amphibians

A

confined to moist habitats:

1) Respire with lungs and across moist skin

2) Reproduce in the water, have external
fertilization (sperm must swim to egg)

3) Eggs not waterproof - generally have to be laid in water (video segment showing an exception) (tree frogs that lay eggs on underside of leaf above water)

59
Q

how are reptiles (better) adapted to dry land?(as opposed to amphibians)

A

1) Skin covered with scales
2) Internal fertilization (not reliant on water)
3) Egg with waterproof shell

60
Q

reptiles are ____________

A

monothyletic

61
Q

In birds, the scales of other reptile groups have been modified into ________

A

feathers

62
Q

crows like to drop their nuts onto pavement to be run over and crack them. what do they do to avoid being hit by traffic

A

drop it into the pedestrian crosswalk

63
Q

Mammalia characteristics

A

1) hair

2) mammory glands

64
Q

how many mammalian species are there?

A

-4,500

compared to ~875,000 species of insects!

65
Q

Three commonly distinguished groups of mammals

A

1) Monotremes: egg laying mammals with reptilian-like splayed legs (e.g., platypus and echidna)
2) Marsupials: give birth to tiny young, nursed in ventral pouch
3) Eutherian mammals (“placental mammals”): by far the most diverse: over 4,000 species

66
Q

Monotremes: egg laying mammals with reptilian-like splayed legs (e.g., platypus and echidna)

A

egg laying mammals with reptilian-like splayed legs (e.g., platypus and echidna)

67
Q

Marsupials

A

give birth to tiny young, nursed in ventral pouch

ie- kangaroo, wombat, tiger qual, koala, possum, tasmanian devil

68
Q

Eutherian mammals

A

(“placental mammals”)

*by far the most diverse: over 4,000 species

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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