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Anatomy Exam 3 > 11/1: Urinary System > Flashcards

11/1: Urinary System Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Elimination of urine/toxicity
Conservation of salts, glucose, proteins, water
Regulation of blood pressure, blood hemodynamics, and acid-base balance
Endocrine organ, produces Vit D, renin, erythropoietin prostoglandins

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2
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys (with ureter)
Urinary bladder

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3
Q

The kidneys and most of the ureters are…

A

Primarily retroperitoneal (not part of the gut tube and never had a mesentery)

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4
Q

The urinary bladder and lower ureters are…

A

Subperitoneal (sitting down in pelvis below peritoneum)

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5
Q

What are the kidneys surrounded by?

A

Perinpehric fat layer and a second paranephric fat layer over that

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6
Q

What is the best way to access the kidneys?

A

Posteriorly

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7
Q

What does the right kidney contact?

A

Ascending/transverse colon, liver and gallbladder, duodenum, and inferior vena cava

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8
Q

What does the left kidney contact?

A

Stomach, pancreas, descending colon, jejunum, and spleen

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9
Q

The kidney has no significant ________

A

Collateral arterial circulation

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10
Q

What is the exterior of the kidney covered by?

A

Renal capsule (divided into superior and inferior poles)

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11
Q

Where does the outer cortex extend into?

A

Medulla

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12
Q

What does the medulla form?

A

Renal columns

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13
Q

What does the inner medulla contain?

A

Renal pyramids

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14
Q

What is the function of renal pyramids?

A

urine is filtered and proessed

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15
Q

What do the renal pyramids curve down to form?

A

Minor calyx

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16
Q

Where is urine secreted into prior to minor calyx?

A

Renal papilla (base of renal pyramid)

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17
Q

What do several minor calyx come together to form?

A

Major calyx (2-3)

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18
Q

What do major calyx form?

A

Renal pelvis

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19
Q

What does the renal pelvis exit as and turn into?

A

Kidney at the hilum as the ureter

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20
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Spaces filled with fat

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21
Q

What is the relationship between the ureters and the gonadal vessels?

A

Ureters pass behind the gonadal vessels
“Water under the bridge”

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22
Q

Where do the ureters pass across?

A

The anterior surface of the psaos muscle and common iliac vessels

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23
Q

What is the right ureter at risk of?

A

Injury during appendectomy

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24
Q

What is the left ureter crossed by?

A

Sigmoid colon

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25
What is the left ureter at risk of?
Injury of sigmoid colon and rectum during surgery
26
Where do the ureters get their blood supply?
Superiorly: renal a Middle: gonadal a Inferiorly: internal iliac a
27
What is a common clinical correlation with our kidneys?
Kidney stones
28
What are kidney stones formed from?
Extravasation of urine into surrounding soft tissue
29
What are the 3 places where kidney stones occur?
1. pelvic brim 2. ureter and pelvis 3. detrusor and ureter
30
The smaller the stone, the _________ it will go before lodging
farther
31
What is the arterial blood supply of the kidney?
via renal artery
32
What does the renal artery branch into?
Anterior and posterior renal arteries which then divide into 5 segmental arteries after entering hilum
33
What do the 4 branches of anterior renal artery supply?
Apical Superior Middle Inferior segments
34
What does 1 of the segments of the posterior renal artery supply?
Posterior segment
35
What do segmental arteries give off?
Many lobar arteries
36
What do lobar arteries supply?
Renal pyramid with branching interlobal arteries
37
What is the ureter covered by?
Parietal peritoneum
38
Where does the ureter enter the bladder?
At an oblique angle forming a flap valve
39
What occurs when bladder fills with urine?
The thickness of the detrusor muscle wall is compressed which pushes the ureter to be closed to prevent urine backflow
40
How does urine pass down the ureters?
By peristaltic contractions (12-20 sec intervals few drops enter urinary bladder)
41
What is the blood supply of the ureter?
Via area/vessels they contact
42
What is the ureters blood supply near the kidney?
Via renal artery
43
What is the ureters blood supply near the pelvis?
Via gonadal arteries
44
What is the ureters blood supply into the pelvis?
Via common iliac and internal iliac and its branches
45
What is the urinary bladder made of?
Detrusor muscle
46
What is the function of the detrusor muscle?
Store urine
47
What is a characteristic of the detrusor muscle?
Distensibility: Ability to fill and expand in contract
48
How is the urinary bladder separated from pubic bones via?
Retropubic space
49
What is the arterial blood supply of the urinary bladder?
branches of the internal iliac artery
50
What is the venosu drainage of the urinary bladder?
Internal iliac vein
51
What is the trigone?
Triangular area created by ureter opening and internal urethral orifice
52
What is the itnernal urethral orifice?
Opening into urethra
53
What does the internal urethral orifice contain?
Internal urethral sphincter which is involuntary
54
What happens to the internal urethral orifice in males?
Contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation
55
Differences between male and female bladder anatomy
56
What does the kidney and ureter innervation arise from?
Renal nerve plexus and consists of sympathetics (splenchnic) and parasympathetics (Vagus) fibers
57
What do nerves of abdominal parts of ureter derive from?
Renal, abdominal aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses
58
Describe the reffered pain of the ureter?
Visceral afferent fibers follows sympathetic fibers backwards to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11-L2
59
Where is ureter referred pain felt?
In groin and ipsilateral lower quadrant of the anterior abdominal wall
60
In the urinary system what is the parasympathetic role?
Producing and releasing waste (urine and feces) from the body
61
In the urinary system what is the sympathetic role?
Slowing production of waste, while retaining it inside the body until proper time to release it
62
In the urinary system what is the somatic motor role?
Assisting sympathetics in retaining waste
63
In the kidney and renal vessels, what do the sympathetics function for?
Decrease urine production through vasoconstriction
64
In the kidney and renal vessels, what do the parasympathetics function for?
No obvious function
65
What do vagus fibers that reach the kidney carry?
Visceral afferent information
66
Describe peristalsis in the renal pelvis and upper ureter?
Largerly myogenic as a response to stretching when filled with urine
67
Describe peristalsis in the lower ureter?
Parasympathetics increase peristalsis Sympathetics inhibit peristalsis
68
Describe parasympathetics at the bladder?
Parasympathetics (pelvic splenchnic nn. from S2-4) eliminate urine
69
What muscle contacts at the bladder due to parasympathetics?
Detrusor muscle (bladder wall)
70
What do parasympathetics at the bladder inhibit?
The internal (involuntary) urinary sphincter, causing it to relax and open
71
Describe where the sympathetics from the bladder come from?
Mostly from L1
72
Describe where somatic motor comes from at the bladder?
Pudendal n. from S2-4
73
What does somatic motor at the bladder retain?
Urine
74
What do sympathetics at the bladder cause?
The detrusor to relax Internal sphincter to constrict and close (involuntary functions)
75
What kind of muscle is the external urinary sphincter?
Skeletal muscle, used voluntarily to prevent urination
76
What is the aoricorenal ganglion?
Plexus surrounding aorta and lead to kidneys
77
What are parasympathetics for ureters mostly from?
Pelvic splanchnic nn
78
Where are pelvic splanchnic nn most important?
Distally
79
Where are sympathetics of the urinary system from?
Lesser splanchnic nn, mostly from T11-L2
80
What is the urethra?
Final outflow tract from bladder to external urethral orrifice to exit
81
Describe the urethra in females?
Shorter and straight (most likely to get UTI's because easier for pathogens to travel up shorter distance)
82
Describe the urethra in males?
Long, curves, through prostate and penis muscles
83
What are horseshoe kidneys?
lower poles fuse during "assent" and are relocated and sunken under inferior mesenteric artery
84
What are ectopic kidneys?
Out of norma position. Most common is pelvic kidney with hilum facing anteriorly
85
What are ectopic ureters?
Most common is bifid ureters (2, can join together or separate)

Anatomy Exam 3 (12 decks)

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