1.1-INTRODUCTION

Question 1

is the science devoted to the study of
fungi and their relationship to human disease

Answer 1

Medical mycology

Question 2

Medical mycology encompasses _________- as agents of disease

Answer 2

single-celled yeasts
and filamentous molds

Question 3

The body yeast found among elderly patients are single-celled yeasts, and oftentimes seen in their

Answer 3

budding process

Question 4

sometimes they appear like plants, they have tube-like structures that acts as their branches, and they appear to have attached spores that may appear as leaves or fruits

Answer 4

filamentous molds

Question 5

filamentous molds scientific term

Answer 5

thallophytes

Question 6

TRUE PATHOGENS THAT
CAUSE SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS

Answer 6

 Histoplasma capsulatum

 Blastomyces dermatitidis

 Coccidiodes immitis

 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Question 7

 Histoplasma capsulatum
o Cause

Answer 7

Histoplasmosis

Question 8

 Blastomyces dermatitidis
o Cause

Answer 8

Blastomycosis

Question 9

 Coccidiodes immitis
o Cause

Answer 9

Coccidioidomycoses

Question 10

 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
o Cause

Answer 10

Paracoccidioidomycoses

Question 11

Opportunistic pathogens infect those who are

Answer 11

immunocompromised or immunosuppressed

Question 12

immunocompromised or immunosuppressed

such as

Answer 12

Patients with underlying health conditions

Patients with weakened immune system

Question 13

Patients with underlying health conditions eg

Answer 13

diabetes, hiv

Question 14

Patients with weakened immune system eg

Answer 14

elderly

Question 15

seen in elderly women and is also seen among female patients who overuse feminine wash products

Answer 15

Moniliasis

Question 16

Moniliasis
infection caused by

Answer 16

Candida albicans

Question 17

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS THAT
CAUSE SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS

Answer 17

Aspergillus
Candida spp
Cryptococcus neoformans
Zygomycetes

Question 18

o Common in patient with diabetes
o They thought that a patient has a lung tumor, but then it was found out that it was a fungal ball, that’s what we call

Answer 18

Aspergilloma

Question 19

Aspergilloma caused by

Answer 19

Aspergillus

Question 20

Candida spp.

o Common in immunocompromised patients
o Called

Answer 20

Candidiasis

Question 21

Cryptococcus neoformans
o Among HIV patients
o Called

Answer 21

Cryptococcosis

Question 22

Zygomycetes
o Genera under Zygomycetes:

Answer 22

 Mucor
 Rhizopus
 Rhizomucor
 Absidia
 Cunninghamella

Question 23

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI aka

Answer 23

Phaeoid fungi

Question 24

Fungi whose cell wall contain melanin, which imparts brown to black pigment

Answer 24

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI

Question 25

the infections caused by this produce lesions with dark color or in the hair there’s nodules dark in color

Answer 25

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI

Question 26

dematiaceous fungi Can be demonstrated using special stain

Answer 26

Masson-Fontana

Question 27

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI Contain _______in their cell wall

Answer 27

melanin

Question 28

EXAMPLES of dematiaceous fungi

Answer 28

o Cladophialophora bantiana o Wengiella dermatitidis

Question 29

 fungi that causes brain abcesses

Answer 29

o Cladophialophora bantiana

Question 30

 Causes Phaeohyphomycosis, an example of a subcutaneous mycosis

Answer 30

o Wengiella dermatitidis  AKA Exophiala dermatitidis

Question 31

MONILIACEOUS FUNGI AKA

Answer 31

hyaline fungi

Question 32

Non-pigmented, no melanin fungi

Answer 32

MONILIACEOUS FUNGI

Question 33

Hyphae is usually what color in moniliaceous fungi

Answer 33

pink to red

Question 34

hyaline fungi examples

Answer 34

o Scedosporium spp. o Trichodema spp. o Aspergillus spp.

Question 35

Fungi that have two growth forms, such as mold and yeast

Answer 35

DIMORPHIC FUNGI

Question 36

DIMORPHIC FUNGI Examples

Answer 36

fungi that causes systemic infections or mycoses

Question 37

Hyphal or mycelial colony of growth  Usually found in ambient temperature (23-25 °C)  Appear plant-like microscopically

Answer 37

MOLD

Question 38

 Unicellular, spherical to ellipsoid (3-5um) fungal cells; reproduce by budding

Answer 38

YEAST

Question 39

Yeast form are found in the body at physiologic temperature of

Answer 39

37°C

Question 40

 fungi that lack sexual reproduction; they are represented only by an anamorph

Answer 40

IMPERFECT FUNGI

Question 41

IMPERFECT FUNGI fungi that lack sexual reproduction; they are represented only by an

Answer 41

anamorph

Question 42

IMPERFECT FUNGI EXAMPLES

Answer 42

Deuteromycetes fungi

Question 43

 belonging to phylum Deuteromycota  They lack sexual reproduction

Answer 43

Deuteromycetes fungi

Question 44

Deuteromycetes fungi  Examples:

Answer 44

 Sporothrix spp.  Epidermopyton,  Candida spp.

Question 45

 Fungi that are capable of fungal reproduction, teleomorph  Capable of sexual and asexual form

Answer 45

PERFECT FUNGI

Question 46

PERFECT FUNGI EXAMPLES:

Answer 46

o Ascomycetes  Sexual spore: Ascospores o Zygomycetes  Sexual spore: Zygospores o Basidiomycetes  Sexual spore: Basidiospores

Question 47

o Asexual form of fungi: ____ o Sexual form of fungi: ____

Answer 47

Anamorph Teleomorph

Question 48

FUngi are Classified as

Answer 48

thallophytes

Question 49

One key feature that differentiates them from bacteria as they have

Answer 49

true nuclei and are heterotrophs

Question 50

Their cell wall and membrane contain

Answer 50

polysaccharides

Question 51

COMPONENT OF FUNGI ______ in the cell wall ______ in the cell membrane

Answer 51

o Chitin o Ergosterol

Question 52

Why do fungal infections take longer to treat than most bacterial infections?

Answer 52

Presence of chitin in the cell wall and ergosterol in the membrane

Question 53

How long does bacterial treatment usually take?

Answer 53

5-10 days (or 7-10 days)

Question 54

How long can fungal treatment take?

Answer 54

Months or longer

Question 55

Do fungi contain chlorophyll?

Answer 55

no

Question 56

Are fungi susceptible to antibacterial antibiotics?

Answer 56

no

Question 57

What type of drugs are used to treat fungal infections?

Answer 57

Antifungal drugs

Question 58

What is the feeding mechanism of fungi?

Answer 58

Saprophytic (feed on decaying matter)

Question 59

What is the oxygen requirement of most molds?

Answer 59

Aerobic

Question 60

What is the oxygen requirement of most yeasts?

Answer 60

Facultative anaerobes

Question 61

Why are fungi more resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria?

Answer 61

Their cell wall composition

Question 62

Can fungi grow in low moisture environments?

Answer 62

Yes

Question 63

Do fungi require more nitrogen than bacteria?

Answer 63

No, they require less

Question 64

What complex carbohydrate can fungi metabolize that bacteria generally cannot?

Answer 64

Lignin

Question 65

What type of nucleus do fungi have?

Answer 65

Defined nuclear membrane

Question 66

What type of nucleus do bacteria have?

Answer 66

No membrane

Question 67

Do fungi have mitochondria?

Answer 67

yes

Question 68

Do bacteria have mitochondria?

Answer 68

No

Question 69

What is the composition of the fungal cell wall?

Answer 69

Glucans, mannans, chitin

Question 70

What is the composition of the bacterial cell wall?

Answer 70

Peptidoglycan

Question 71

What sterol is found in fungal cell membranes?

Answer 71

Ergosterol

Question 72

Do fungi have respiratory enzymes in their cell membrane?

Answer 72

NO

Question 73

Do bacteria have sterols in their cell membrane?

Answer 73

No

Question 74

What antibiotics are fungi resistant to?

Answer 74

Penicillins, tetracycline, chloramphenicol

Question 75

What antibiotics are bacteria resistant to?

Answer 75

Griseofulvin, amphotericin B

Question 76

What is fungal dimorphism?

Answer 76

Ability to exist as both mycelial and yeast forms

Question 77

Do bacteria exhibit dimorphism?

Answer 77

No

Question 78

How many chromosomes do fungi have?

Answer 78

More than one, CHON associated

Question 79

How many chromosomes do bacteria have?

Answer 79

One, not CHON associated

Question 80

What is the sedimentation coefficient of fungal ribosomes?

Answer 80

80S

Question 81

What is the sedimentation coefficient of bacterial ribosomes?

Answer 81

70S

Question 82

At what pH do fungi prefer to grow?

Answer 82

< pH 6.0

Question 83

At what pH do bacteria prefer to grow?

Answer 83

pH 7.2-7.6

Question 84

Are humans generally resistant to fungal infections?

Answer 84

Yes, except for dimorphic fungi

Question 85

What are the major factors increasing fungal infections

Answer 85

Immunocompromised individuals, complex surgeries, antibacterial therapy

Question 86

How many fungal species are recognized as human pathogens?

Answer 86

100-150 species

Question 87

How many fungal species cause most human diseases?

Answer 87

About 25 species

Question 88

Where do most pathogenic fungi naturally live?

Answer 88

As saprobes (decomposers in the environment)

Question 89

How do humans typically become infected with fungi?

Answer 89

Inhalation of spores or trauma introducing fungal elements into tissue

Question 90

What fungal infection can be contracted from plant thorns?

Answer 90

Sporotrichosis

Question 91

What fungus causes Rose Gardener’s Disease?

Answer 91

Sporothrix schenckii

Question 92

What is a possible source of Sporothrix schenckii infection?

Answer 92

Prick from contaminated rose thorns

Question 93

How can fungal infections occur in mountaineers?

Answer 93

Scratches from thorny plants in forests