1.2-MORPHOLOGIC FORM Flashcards
1
Q
What type of organisms are yeasts?
A
Unicellular
2
Q
What is the shape of yeast cells?
A
Spherical or ellipsoidal
3
Q
How do most yeasts reproduce?
A
Asexually by budding
4
Q
What is another way some yeasts divide?
A
Binary fission
5
Q
What is the characteristic microscopic appearance of yeasts?
A
Pin-bowl appearance
6
Q
Can yeast grow in culture media?
A
Yes
7
Q
At what temperatures can yeasts grow?
A
23-25°C (ambient) and 37°C (physiologic)
8
Q
How do yeast colonies appear on media?
A
Moist, creamy, opaque, or pasty
9
Q
Why do yeast colonies sometimes resemble bacterial colonies?
A
Due to their opaque and moist texture
10
Q
What type of organisms are molds?
A
What type of organisms are molds?
11
Q
How do mold colonies appear?
A
Fluffy, cottony, woolly, or powdery
12
Q
What are the primary structural components of molds?
A
Hyphae and spores
13
Q
What are the three types of asexual spores in molds?
A
Thallospores, Conidia, Spores by complex sporulation
14
Q
What are the four types of sexual spores in molds?
A
Ascospores, Basidiospores, Zygospores, Oospores
15
Q
Fungi that reproduce only asexually (anamorphs)
A
imperfect fungi
16
Q
Give an example of imperfect fungi
A
Deuteromycetes
17
Q
Name three fungi that belong to Deuteromycetes
A
Epidermophyton, Sporothrix, Scedosporium
18
Q
Fungi that can produce both asexual and sexual spores
A
perfect fungi
19
Q
The asexual form of a fungus
A
anamorph
20
Q
The sexual form of a fungus
A
teleomorph
21
Q
What is the anamorph of Histoplasma capsulatum?
A
Histoplasma capsulatum
22
Q
What is the teleomorph of Histoplasma capsulatum?
A
Ajellomyces capsulatum
23
Q
What is the anamorph of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
A
Blastomyces dermatitidis
24
Q
What is the teleomorph of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
A
Ajellomyces dermatitidis
25
What is the anamorph of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Cryptococcus neoformans
26
What is the teleomorph of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Filobasidiella neoformans
27
What type of fungi is Cryptococcus neoformans?
Basidiomycetes
28
What is the sexual spore of Cryptococcus neoformans
Basidiospores
29
Tubular, branching filaments of fungal cells
hyphae
30
What do hyphae form when they join together?
Mycelium
31
What separates most hyphal cells?
Porous cross-walls or septa
32
What are the two types of hyphae based on septum presence?
Septate and Aseptate hyphae
33
What is another name for aseptate hyphae?
Coenocytic hyphae
34
What is the function of vegetative (substrate) hyphae?
Growth, nutrient absorption, and anchoring
35
What is the water affinity of vegetative hyphae?
Hydrophilic
36
What is the function of aerial hyphae?
Carry spores and extend above the medium
37
What is the water affinity of aerial hyphae?
Hydrophobic
38
Give examples of fungi with aseptate hyphae
Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Cunninghamella
39
What fungus has antler hyphae?
Schoenleinia
40
What fungus has spiral hyphae?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
41
What type of hyphae does Trichophyton mentagrophytes exhibit
Spiral hyphae
42
What type of hyphae does Microsporum audouinii exhibit?
Pectinate body
43
What is another term for favic chandeliers?
Antler hyphae
44
Which fungus has favic chandeliers (antler hyphae)?
Trichophyton schoenleinii
45
What type of hyphae does Microsporum canis exhibit?
Nodular organ
46
What type of hyphae does Epidermophyton floccosum exhibit?
Racquet hyphae
47
What is another term for septate hyphae?
Hyphae with cross-walls
48
What structures separate individual fungal cells in septate hyphae?
Septa with pores
49
What is another term for coenocytic hyphae?
Aseptate hyphae
50
What is a distinguishing feature of coenocytic hyphae?
Lack of septa
51
What are the key internal structures of fungal hyphae?
Nuclei, cell wall, septum (in septate hyphae), pores
52
A microorganism that only produces asexual spores
anamorph
53
What type of spores do imperfect fungi (anamorphs) produce?
Asexual spores
54
How are arthroconidia formed?
By fragmentation of hyphal cells
55
By fragmentation of hyphal cells
Arthroconidia formation
56
How do mature arthroconidia appear?
Square, rectangular, or barrel-shaped thick-walled cells
57
Give two examples of fungi that produce arthroconidia.
Coccidioides immitis, Geotrichum candidum
58
How are blastoconidia formed?
Through a budding process
59
Give two examples of fungi that produce blastoconidia
Cladosporium spp., Candida albicans
60
Large, thick-walled conidia that act as resistant resting spores
chlamydospores
61
What are the three types of chlamydospores based on location?
Terminal (at the hyphal tip), intercalary (within the hyphal strand), sessile (on the sides of hyphae)
62
Asexual reproductive structures produced via mitosis
conidia
63
How are conidia formed?
From vegetative yeast or hyphal cells, or from specialized conidiogenous cells
64
What are specialized hyphae that produce conidia called?
Conidiophores
65
What is the function of conidiogenous cells?
They generate conidia (e.g., conidiophores
66
What are the characteristics of microconidia?
Small, unicellular, round, elliptical, or pyriform; sessile or pedunculated
67
What are the characteristics of macroconidia?
Large, multiseptate, club- or spindle-shaped, thick- or thin-walled, spiny or smooth
68
What shapes can microconidia have?
Circular, round, oval, or teardrop-shaped
69
Conidia produced by a vase-shaped conidiogenous cell called a phialide
phialoconidia
70
What fungal group produces sporangiospores?
Zygomycetes (Mucorales)
71
Where are sporangiospores housed?
Inside a sac called the sporangium
72
What structure inside the sporangium gives rise to sporangiospores?
Columella
73
Name three genera that produce sporangiospores.
Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia
74
What is the difference between anamorph and teleomorph?
Anamorph produces asexual spores, teleomorph produces sexual spores
75
Anamorph produces asexual spores, teleomorph produces sexual spores
Conidia
76
What sexual spores does Ajellomyces (teleomorph of Histoplasma capsulatum) produce?
Ascospores
77
What asexual spores does Cryptococcus neoformans produce?
Conidia
78
What sexual spores does Filobasidiella neoformans (teleomorph of Cryptococcus neoformans) produce?
Basidiospores
79
How many meiospores typically form inside an ascus?
Four to eight
80
What fungal group produces ascospores
Ascomycetes
81
Name three fungi that produce ascospores.
Ajellomyces dermatidis, Ajellomyces capsulatum, Microsporum spp.
82
What type of spores do Aspergillus produce asexually and sexually?
Asexual: Phialoconidia, Sexual: Ascospores
83
What is the function of a cleistothecium in Pseudallescheria boydii?
It protects the asci containing ascospores
84
Where do basidiospores form?
On a club-shaped structure called a basidium
85
How many meiospores typically form per basidium?
Four
86
Name two fungi that produce basidiospores
Cryptococcus neoformans, Malassezia spp
87
How are zygospores formed?
How are zygospores formed?
88
Name four genera that produce zygospores.
Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus, Cunninghamella
89
Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus, Cunninghamella
Sporangiospores
90
What sexual spores do zygomycetes produce?
Zygospores
91
How are oospores formed?
By heterogenous fertilization or fusion between dissimilar cells
92
What structure is attached to an oospore?
Antheridium
93
What are the two types of fungal reproduction?
Sexual and asexual reproduction
94
What processes occur in sexual reproduction?
Meiosis, cell fusion, nuclear fusion
95
What does asexual reproduction involve
Mitosis with cytoplasmic and nuclear division
96
From what structure are asexual spores produced?
Mycelium
97
What are the four major fungal phyla?
What are the four major fungal phyla?
98
Which fungal phylum is also known as club fungi?
Basidiomycota
99
Which fungal phylum includes imperfect fungi that lack a known sexual reproductive cycle?
Deuteromycota
100
Are zygomycetes septate or aseptate?
Aseptate
101
What type of asexual spores do zygomycetes produce?
Sporangiospores
102
What type of sexual spores do zygomycetes produce?
Zygospores
103
Name a clinically important genus of Zygomycota.
Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia, Rhizomucor, Cunninghamella
104
What type of asexual spores do ascomycetes produce?
Conidia
105
What type of sexual spores do ascomycetes produce?
Ascospores
106
What structure produces ascospores?
Ascus
107
Name three medically important ascomycetes.
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces
108
What type of asexual spores do basidiomycetes produce?
Conidia or hyphal fragments
109
What type of sexual spores do basidiomycetes produce?
Basidiospores
110
What structure produces basidiospores?
Basidium
111
Name a medically important basidiomycete.
Cryptococcus neoformans
112
Why are deuteromycetes called "imperfect fungi"?
They lack a known sexual reproductive cycle.
113
What type of spores do deuteromycetes reproduce with?
Asexual spores (conidia)
114
Name an example of a deuteromycete
Candida spp., Sporothrix, Epidermophyton
115
What are the two main modes of fungal reproduction?
Sexual and asexual
116
What type of fungal spores are produced by mitosis?
Asexual spores
117
What type of fungal spores are produced by meiosis?
Sexual spores
118
The fusion of two haploid fungal cells without nuclear fusion
plasmogamy
119
The fusion of two nuclei in fungal cells
karyogamy
120
conidium that forms from the fragmentation of hyphal cells
arthroconidium
121
A conidium that forms through a budding process
blastoconidium
122
A thick-walled, resistant resting spore
chlamydospore
123
A conidium produced from a vase-shaped conidiogenous cell (phialide)
phialoconidium
124
A spore produced within a sporangium, characteristic of zygomycetes
sporangiospore
125
A sexual spore produced within an ascus
ascospore
126
A sexual spore produced on a basidium
basidiospore
127
A rough-walled spore produced by the fusion of two matching zygomycete types
zygospore
128
A spore formed by the fusion of dissimilar fungal cells
oospore
