11-RESPI Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
Interferons are cytokines released by our immune system in response to what type of microorganisms?
A
invading microorganisms especially RNA viruses
2
Q
Interferons are more associated with which type of viruses
A
RNA or DNA?
3
Q
Interferons are not antiviral agents but they induce what?
A
an antiviral state
4
Q
What do interferons induce the production of
A
that inhibit the replication of viruses?
5
Q
What are the two types of vaccines?
A
Killed microorganism and Attenuated
6
Q
What characterizes killed microorganism vaccines?
A
part of the virus with short-lived immunity
7
Q
What characterizes attenuated vaccines?
A
weakened version of the virus with long-lived immunity
8
Q
What are the problems associated with attenuated vaccines?
A
storage issues and risk of causing actual disease in immunocompromised patients
9
Q
RSV is a highly contagious virus affecting which system?
A
respiratory system
10
Q
RSV is the leading cause of what in infants and young children?
A
lower respiratory tract infections
11
Q
RSV infections contribute significantly to what public health concerns?
A
hospitalizations and medical costs worldwide
12
Q
Who are the high-risk groups for severe RSV infections?
A
infants young children older adults immunocompromised individuals and those with chronic medical conditions
13
Q
In immunocompetent individuals
A
how does RSV usually manifest?
14
Q
During which season does RSV peak?
A
winter or cold season
15
Q
Are respiratory viruses more common during cold weather?
A
majority peak during cold weather but some cause infections year-round
16
Q
What family does RSV belong to?
A
Paramyxoviridae
17
Q
What genus does RSV belong to?
A
Orthopneumovirus
18
Q
What type of genome does RSV have?
A
negative-sense single-stranded RNA
19
Q
Into how many major groups is RSV categorized based on genetic and antigenic differences?
A
two major groups
20
Q
What are the two major groups of RSV?
A
RSV-A and RSV-B
21
Q
Where does RSV replication occur in the host cell?
A
cytoplasm of the host cell
22
Q
What is the first step in the RSV replication cycle?
A
attachment of the virion to the apical surface of polarized+ciliated airway epithelial cells via the G glycoprotein
23
Q
Which RSV glycoprotein mediates attachment to host cell receptors?
A
G glycoprotein
24
Q
Which RSV glycoprotein is responsible for membrane fusion and viral entry?
A
F glycoprotein
25
After entry
where is the RSV genome released?
26
What enzyme transcribes RSV RNA into mRNAs?
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
27
What happens to RSV mRNAs after transcription?
they are translated into viral proteins
28
What are the next steps after translation of viral proteins in RSV replication?
viral RNA undergoes replication+copies of RNA and viral proteins are assembled to form progeny particles
29
Where does assembly of new RSV virions occur?
at or near the plasma membrane
30
How are new RSV virions released from the infected cell?
through budding from the plasma membrane
31
What is the structure of RSV?
enveloped virus with a helical nucleocapsid
32
How many viral proteins does the RSV genome encode?
11 viral proteins
33
Which two glycoproteins are crucial for RSV entry and pathogenesis?
fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins
34
What is the shape of RSV particles under electron microscopy?
pleomorphic+appearing as spherical or filamentous particles
35
What is the target cell of RSV infection?
cells of the respiratory epithelium
36
Through which route does RSV enter the body?
respiratory tract
37
Does RSV remain confined to the respiratory tract?
yes
38
Name viruses that enter through the respiratory tract but can cause systemic infections
measles+chicken pox (varicella)+rubella
39
What host response contributes to RSV disease severity?
excessive inflammation
40
Which severe diseases can RSV cause in vulnerable populations?
bronchiolitis+pneumonia+respiratory failure
41
Who are particularly at risk for severe RSV infection?
infants+young children+older adults
42
What is the main mode of RSV transmission?
droplet transmission via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing
43
How can RSV spread via contact transmission?
direct or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or objects+then touching mouth+nose+or eyes
44
How can RSV be transmitted through aerosols?
via smaller respiratory particles or aerosols that remain suspended in air for an extended period
45
What are contaminated fomites in RSV transmission?
surfaces or objects like toys+doorknobs+shared items that can carry the virus
46
How does close personal contact facilitate RSV transmission?
through exchange of respiratory secretions by kissing or sharing utensils
47
Which infants are at highest risk for severe RSV infection?
premature infants born before 29 weeks of gestation
48
Which children are at high risk for RSV complications?
children under 2 years old with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease
49
Which adults are at increased risk for severe RSV?
adults aged 65 years and older with weakened immune systems
50
Which chronic conditions increase RSV risk?
asthma+COPD+diabetes
51
What are common clinical manifestations of RSV in infants?
cough+wheezing+difficulty breathing+fever+poor feeding
52
How do RSV infections often present in adults and older children?
mild cold symptoms but can progress to more severe respiratory illness especially in individuals with underlying health conditions
53
What is typically involved in diagnosing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?
analyzing patient symptoms and conducting laboratory tests on respiratory samples
54
What are common laboratory methods for RSV diagnosis?
rapid antigen testing+molecular testing like RT-PCR+virus culture
55
What imaging may be used to evaluate severe RSV cases?
chest X-rays
56
What is the management for mild RSV cases?
oral hydration+pain relievers+rest+monitoring for worsening symptoms
57
What supportive care is given in severe RSV cases?
supplemental oxygen+intravenous fluids+respiratory support (mechanical ventilation if needed)
58
What antiviral medication may be considered for severe RSV cases?
ribavirin (effectiveness is limited)
59
What monoclonal antibody may be given to high-risk infants to prevent severe RSV disease?
palivizumab
60
What preventive measures can help prevent the spread of RSV?
frequent handwashing+avoiding close contact with infected individuals+keeping surfaces clean
61
Why is accurate and timely diagnosis of rhinovirus infections important?
for appropriate treatment+infection control measures+monitoring of potential complications especially in high-risk populations
62
What are general treatment and management principles for respiratory viral infections?
adequate fluid intake+rest+symptom relief medications+antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections
63
What are key prevention practices for respiratory viral infections?
frequent and thorough handwashing+cough etiquette+avoiding close contact with individuals exhibiting cold symptoms
64
What are some prevention strategies for RSV?
handwashing and hygiene+respiratory etiquette+avoiding close contact+potential maternal RSV vaccine+monoclonal antibody prophylaxis+development of pediatric RSV vaccine
65
What is a notable characteristic of rhinovirus infection timing?
causes year round infection but peaks during cold season
66
How is rhinovirus commonly transmitted?
through coughing+sneezing+touching contaminated surfaces
67
What is rhinovirus a leading cause of?
the common cold
68
Why is it challenging to develop effective vaccines or treatments for rhinovirus?
there are over 100 different strains of rhinovirus
69
Why can you get infected with rhinovirus multiple times?
antibodies produced are type specific and may not be protective against other strains
70
What makes rhinovirus a challenge in prevention and treatment?
it is highly contagious and has diverse strains
71
What family and genus does rhinovirus belong to?
Picornaviridae family+Enterovirus genus
72
What type of virus is rhinovirus?
non-enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus
73
What is rhinovirus's primary role in disease?
primary causative agent of the common cold
74
How long is the rhinovirus genome?
approximately 7
75
What does the rhinovirus genome encode?
single polyprotein cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins
76
What is the shape of rhinovirus particles?
icosahedral with 30 nanometer diameter
77
What structural proteins make up rhinovirus?
VP1+VP2+VP3+VP4
78
How many serotypes of rhinovirus exist?
over 100 different serotypes
79
What receptors does rhinovirus bind to on human cells?
ICAM-1 (major group) or LDLR family (minor group)
80
Where does rhinovirus replication occur?
cytoplasm of host cells
81
What begins the rhinovirus replication cycle?
attachment to specific cell surface receptors
82
What happens after rhinovirus entry into host cells?
viral genome release and protein synthesis
83
How are new rhinovirus particles released?
assembled in host cytoplasm and released through cell lysis
84
How is rhinovirus primarily transmitted?
respiratory droplets and direct contact with contaminated surfaces
85
How long can rhinovirus survive on surfaces?
several hours
86
What are common clinical manifestations of rhinovirus?
runny nose+nasal congestion+sore throat+cough
87
What conditions can rhinovirus exacerbate?
asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
88
When does rhinovirus prevalence peak?
fall and spring seasons
89
Where do rhinovirus transmission rates surge?
closed settings like schools and offices
90
What molecular feature complicates rhinovirus tracking?
multiple co-circulating strains per season
91
What environmental conditions favor rhinovirus stability?
colder temperatures and low humidity
92
Who contributes to rhinovirus community spread?
asymptomatic carriers
93
What does surveillance data track for rhinoviruses?
strain diversity and evolution
94
What triggers rhinovirus pathogenesis?
viral invasion of respiratory cells triggering immune responses
95
What are key symptoms of rhinovirus infection?
runny/stuffy nose+sore throat+cough+mild fever+headache/body aches
96
How is rhinovirus treated in immunocompetent individuals?
symptom management (antipyretics/pain relievers)
97
What type of immunity does rhinovirus infection confer?
serotype-specific (no cross-protection between strains)
98
When do antibodies typically develop in rhinovirus infections?
after recovery begins (not required for symptom resolution)
99
What is PCR used for in rhinovirus detection?
highly sensitive and specific molecular method to detect rhinovirus genetic material and distinguish between different strains
100
What advantage does PCR offer in rhinovirus diagnosis?
rapid identification of the virus and strain differentiation aiding in targeted treatment
101
What does viral culture involve for rhinovirus?
growing the virus in a laboratory from a patient's respiratory sample
102
How does the sensitivity of viral culture compare to PCR for rhinovirus?
viral culture is less sensitive than PCR
103
What valuable information can viral culture provide for rhinovirus?
information about the viability and infectivity of the virus
104
What are examples of cell lines used in rhinovirus viral culture?
organ culture using ferret and human trachea epithelial cells+WI-38 and MRC-5 cell lines
105
What does serology (antibody testing) detect in rhinovirus diagnosis?
presence of antibodies against rhinovirus in the patient's blood
106
What does a positive serology test indicate for rhinovirus?
past or recent infection
107
What is a limitation of serology in acute rhinovirus infections?
limited diagnostic value
108
What reagent is used in rhinovirus antibody testing?
antigen
109
How can clinical symptoms help in rhinovirus diagnosis?
characteristic symptoms like runny nose+sore throat+cough can suggest rhinovirus infection especially during peak seasons and absence of fever
110
Why is accurate and timely diagnosis of rhinovirus infections important?
crucial for appropriate treatment+infection control+monitoring complications especially in high-risk populations
111
What are the main principles of rhinovirus treatment and management?
adequate fluid intake+rest+symptom relief medications+antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections
112
What is the first step in rhinovirus prevention?
practice frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer
113
What is recommended for cough etiquette to prevent rhinovirus?
cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue or inside of the elbow
114
What should be avoided to prevent rhinovirus transmission?
close contact with individuals exhibiting cold symptoms
115
What is a long-term prevention strategy for rhinovirus?
explore potential vaccine development targeting common rhinovirus strains
116
Which genus includes human coronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63?
Alphacoronavirus
117
Which genus includes porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)?
Alphacoronavirus
118
Which genus includes SARS-CoV
MERS-CoV
119
Which genus includes human coronavirus OC43 and HKU1?
Betacoronavirus
120
Which genus primarily infects birds but also includes porcine respiratory coronavirus and mink coronavirus?
Gammacoronavirus
121
Which genus mainly infects birds and mammals
including porcine deltacoronavirus?
122
What is the causative agent of the 2003 outbreak in Guangdong
China?
123
What is the causative agent of the 2012 outbreak first reported in Saudi Arabia?
MERS-CoV
124
What is the causative agent of the 2019 outbreak leading to the COVID-19 pandemic?
SARS-CoV-2
125
Which coronavirus genus includes the virus responsible for COVID-19?
Betacoronavirus
126
What is the family name of all coronaviruses?
Coronaviridae
127
Which structural feature is characteristic of coronaviruses?
enveloped viruses with crown-like spike proteins
128
Which protein on SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 receptors?
spike protein
129
What is the primary mode of transmission for SARS-CoV-2?
respiratory droplets
130
Which coronavirus genus includes viruses that can infect both birds and mammals?
Deltacoronavirus
131
Which coronavirus genus includes viruses that primarily infect birds?
Gammacoronavirus
132
Which age group is at higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness?
older adults
133
Which underlying factor increases risk for severe COVID-19?
underlying medical conditions
134
What is the clinical presentation of COVID-19 in some individuals?
asymptomatic infection
135
What are common mild symptoms of COVID-19?
fever+dry cough+fatigue+loss of taste or smell
136
What severe complications can SARS-CoV-2 cause?
pneumonia+acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)+multi-organ failure
137
What is the timeline event for the 2020 global health declaration?
WHO declares COVID-19 a global pandemic
138
What is the first widely available COVID-19 vaccine in the Philippines?
Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine
139
Which variant drove a new wave of COVID-19 cases in 2022?
Omicron variant
140
What is the gold standard test for COVID-19 diagnosis?
RT-PCR
141
Which COVID-19 test detects viral RNA?
RT-PCR
142
What type of sample is typically collected for COVID-19 testing?
nasal swab
143
Which proteins do antigen tests detect in COVID-19?
viral antigens
144
What is the primary purpose of monoclonal antibody therapies in COVID-19?
treatment for high-risk patients
145
Which drug is an approved antiviral for COVID-19 treatment?
remdesivir
146
What medication is used to reduce inflammation in severe COVID-19 cases?
dexamethasone
147
What is the primary prevention strategy against COVID-19?
vaccination
148
Which influenza type has the broadest host range?
Influenza A
149
What causes major antigenic changes in influenza viruses?
antigenic shift
150
Which influenza type causes seasonal epidemics but not pandemics?
Influenza B
151
Which influenza type typically causes mild respiratory infections?
Influenza C
152
What is the recommended physical distance to prevent COVID-19 transmission?
6 feet
153
Which diagnostic method provides COVID-19 results fastest?
antigen test
154
What type of immunity does COVID-19 vaccination provide?
acquired immunity
155
Which influenza type is responsible for most pandemics?
Influenza A
156
What is the key epidemiological factor in COVID-19 diagnosis?
exposure history
157
Which therapy uses casirivimab/imdevimab for COVID-19?
monoclonal antibodies
158
What is the primary transmission route for SARS-CoV-2?
respiratory droplets
159
Which influenza mutation mechanism causes minor antigenic changes?
antigenic drift
160
What percentage range represents Influenza A's severity and host range?
(Scale not specified - text mentions "broadest range and highest severity" without numerical values)
161
Which influenza virus caused the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic?
H1N1
162
Which influenza virus caused the 1957 Asian Flu pandemic?
H2N2
163
Which influenza virus caused the 1968 Hong Kong Flu pandemic?
H3N2
164
Which influenza virus caused the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic?
H1N1
165
What are the two major surface glycoproteins of influenza viruses?
hemagglutinin+neuraminidase
166
What do the numbers in influenza virus names like H1N1 and H2N2 refer to?
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes
167
Which protein facilitates influenza virus entry into host cells?
hemagglutinin
168
Which protein aids in the release of new influenza virus particles from host cells?
neuraminidase
169
What type of genome does the influenza virus have?
segmented negative-sense RNA genome
170
What process allows influenza viruses to exchange genetic material and create new combinations?
genetic reassortment
171
What is the structural feature that enables influenza virus replication and reassortment?
segmented genome
172
What is the main clinical manifestation of influenza involving body temperature?
fever
173
What common respiratory symptom is caused by influenza?
cough
174
What symptom of influenza involves painful inflammation of the throat?
sore throat
175
What influenza symptom is characterized by widespread body pain?
muscle aches
176
What is a common symptom of influenza involving lack of energy?
fatigue
177
What severe complication can influenza cause in high-risk groups?
pneumonia
178
What is the main risk of severe influenza cases?
respiratory failure and death
179
Which age group is most vulnerable to severe influenza complications?
Individuals over 65 years old
180
Which pediatric group faces the highest influenza risk?
Children under 5 (especially <2 years old)
181
Why are pregnant women at higher risk for influenza complications?
Pregnancy alters immune function and cardiorespiratory systems
182
What chronic conditions increase influenza risk?
Asthma+diabetes+heart disease
183
What is the primary influenza prevention method for high-risk groups?
Annual vaccination
184
Which antiviral medication inhibits influenza viral replication?
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
185
What type of immunity does influenza vaccination provide?
Strain-specific protection against predicted seasonal variants
186
Which influenza protein facilitates host cell entry?
Hemagglutinin
187
Which influenza protein enables viral particle release?
Neuraminidase
188
What genetic feature enables influenza virus diversity?
Segmented genome allowing genetic reassortment
189
Which influenza type has the broadest host range?
Influenza A
190
Which influenza type primarily infects humans?
Influenza B
191
Which influenza type causes mild respiratory illness in humans and animals?
Influenza C
192
What is the key difference between antigenic drift and shift?
Drift: minor mutations; Shift: major reassortment
193
Which coronavirus binds ACE2 receptors for host entry?
SARS-CoV-2
194
Which betacoronavirus originated in the Middle East from camels?
MERS-CoV
195
Which cell lines are used for rhinovirus culture?
WI-38 and MRC-5
196
What receptors do major-group rhinoviruses bind?
ICAM-1
197
What receptors do minor-group rhinoviruses bind?
LDLR family
198
Is rhinovirus immunity cross-protective across serotypes?
No (serotype-specific immunity)
