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PSYC2360 > 11: OTHER SENSES > Flashcards

11: OTHER SENSES Flashcards

1
Q
  1. detect sound
  2. determine location of source
  3. recognize identity of sources
A

3 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF HEARING

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2
Q

STIMULI OF AUDITORY SYSTEM

A

SOUND WAVES

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3
Q

vibrations of an object that causes air particles to vibrate (oscillations of COMPRESSED/RATIFIED air)

A

SOUND WAVES

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4
Q

3 PERCEPTUAL DIMENSIONS OF AUDITION

A
  1. PITCH
  2. LOUDNESS
  3. TIMBRE
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5
Q

freq of vibration in Hz

A

PITCH

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6
Q

vibration cycles per sec

A

HERTZ (Hz)

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7
Q

intensity of sound

A

LOUDNESS

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8
Q

complexity of sound (mixture of vibrations)

A

TIMBRE

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9
Q

external ear

A

PINNA

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10
Q

sounds coming in PINNA travel into rest of ear via this canal

A

EAR CANAL

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11
Q

eardrum that responds to sound vibrations + moves the OSSICLES

A

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

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12
Q

three bones in MIDDLE EAR

A

OSSICLES

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13
Q

3 OSSICLES

A
  1. MALLEUS
  2. INCUS
  3. STAPES
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14
Q

1st ossicle that connects w TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

A

MALLEUS (HAMMER)

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15
Q

2nd ossicle that transmits vibrations w STAPES to COCHLEA

A

INCUS (ANVIL)

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16
Q

3rd ossicle that transmits vibrations w INCUS to COCHLEA

A

STAPES (STIRRUP)

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17
Q

opening in bone surrounding COCHLEA that reveals a membrane against which the baseplate of STAPES presses, transmitting sound vibrations into fluid within COCHLEA

A

OVAL WINDOW

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18
Q

snail-shaped structure of INNER EAR that contains auditory TRANSDUCING mechanisms

A

COCHLEA

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19
Q

sensory organ on BASILAR MEMBRANE that contains auditory HAIR CELLS + TECTORIAL MEMBRANE

A

ORGAN OF CORTI

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20
Q

receptive cells of auditory apparatus

A

HAIR CELLS

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21
Q

hairlike projections of HAIR CELLS involved in mvmt/TRANSDUCING sensory info

A

CILIA

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22
Q

membrane along COCHLEA that contains ORGAN OF CORTI + is TUNED to diff freqs

A

BASILAR MEMBRANE

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23
Q

membrane located above BASILAR MEMBRANE that serves as a shelf against which CILIA of auditory HAIR CELLS move

A

TECTORIAL MEMBRANE

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24
Q

branch of VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE that transmits auditory info from COCHLEA to brain

A

COCHLEAR NERVE

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25
Q

hair cells necessary for NORMAL HEARING (where 95% of synapses occur)

A

INNER HAIR CELLS

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26
Q

effector cells that alter vibrations of INNER HAIR CELLS

A

OUTER HAIR CELLS

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27
Q
  1. AUDITORY NERVE
  2. COCHLEAR NUCLEI
  3. SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
  4. LATERAL LEMNISCUS
  5. INFERIOR COLLICULUS
  6. MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
  7. AUDITORY CORTEX
A

PRIMARY AUDITORY PATHWAY

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28
Q

group of nuclei in MEDULLA that receive auditory info from COCHLEA

A

COCHLEAR NUCLEI

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29
Q

group of nuclei in MEDULLA that involve LOCALIZATION of sound

A

SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS

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30
Q

band of fibres running thru MEDULLA/PONS that carries fibres of auditory system

A

LATERAL LEMNISCUS

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31
Q

protrusions at top of MIDBRAIN

A

INFERIOR COLLICULUS

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32
Q

group of cells bodies in THALAMUS that receives fibres from auditory system + projects fibres to AUDITORY CORTEX

A

MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS

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33
Q

AUDITORY PATHWAY has ____ (CONTRALAT/IPSILAT/BOTH) projections

A

CONTRALAT + IPSILAT

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34
Q

organization in which relationship btwn CORTEX + BASILAR MEMBRANE involves diff parts of BASILAR MEMBRANE responding best to diff freqs

A

TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION

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35
Q

2 WAYS COCHLEA DETECTS FREQ

A
  1. PLACE CODING
  2. RATE CODING
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36
Q

idea that diff parts of BASILAR MEMBRANE flex in resp to diff freqs of sound

A

PLACE CODING

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37
Q

idea that info abt diff freqs = coded by RATE OF FIRING neurons in auditory system

A

RATE CODING

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38
Q

MODERATE-HIGH freqs = detected thru _____ CODING
LOW freqs = detected thru ____ CODING

A

PLACE; RATE

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39
Q

LOUDNESS = transmitted to CNS by _____

A

RATE OF FIRING

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40
Q

LOUDNESS of LOW freqs = signalled by ______

A

NUMBER OF NEURONS FIRING

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41
Q

_____ allow us to distinguish that diff instruments that are playing the same notes are still being played by diff instruments

A

TIMBRE

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42
Q

3 MECHANISMS THAT DETECT LOCATIONS OF SOUND SOURCES (+ WAT THEY DETERMINE)

A
  1. PHASE DIFFS (LOW FREQS)
  2. INTENSITY DIFFS (HIGH FREQS)
  3. ANALYSIS OF TIMBRE (HEIGHT/FRONT/BACKNESS OF SOUND)
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43
Q

diffs in arrival times of sound waves at each of ear drums

A

PHASE DIFFS

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44
Q

idea that head absorbs high freqs by producing SONIC SHADOW so ear CLOSEST to source of sound receives most INTENSE stimulations

A

INTENSITY DIFFS

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45
Q

idea that auditory system must recognize that particular patterns of constantly changing activity belong to DIFF sound sources

A

PATTENR RECOGNITION

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46
Q

2 STREAMS OF AUDITORY CORTEX

A
  1. ANTERIOR STREAM
  2. POSTERIOR STREAM
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47
Q

WHAT STREAM: involved in perceiving COMPLEX SOUNDS

A

ANTERIOR STREAM

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48
Q

WHERE STREAM: involved in perceiving LOCATION OF SOUNDS

A

POSTERIOR STREAM

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49
Q
  1. balance
    .2 head position
  2. adjusting eye mvmts to compensate for head mvmts
A

3 FUNCTIONS OF VESTIB SYSTEM

50
Q

3 ringlike structures that detect changes in HEAD ROTATION + respond to angular acceleration

A

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

51
Q

one of 2 receptor organs in each INNER EAR that detect changes in HEAD TILT + respond to GRAVITY

A

VESTIBULAR SAC

52
Q

most axons synapse on ____ ____ in MEDULLA + some synapse w ____

A

VESTIBULAR NUCLEI; CEREBELLUM

53
Q

reflex in which eyes stay locked on smth despite head moving in diff directions

A

VESTIBULO OCCULAR REFLEX

54
Q
  • LOW FREQ stimulation of ______ can cause NAUSEA
  • stimulation of _____ can cause DIZZINESS/NYSTAGMUS
A

VESTIBULAR SACS; SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

55
Q

rhythmic left/right eye mvmts

A

NYSTAGMUS

56
Q

senses that provide info abt wat = happening on SURFACE/INSIDE body

A

SOMATOSENSES

57
Q

4 TYPES OF SOMATOSENSES

A
  1. CUTANEOUS SENSES
  2. PROPRIOCEPTION
  3. KINESTHESIA
  4. ORGANIC SENSES
58
Q

skin sense that have to do w TOUCH

A

CUTANEOUS SENSES

59
Q

sense that has to do w perception of body POSITION/POSTURE

A

PROPRIOCEPTION

60
Q

sense that has to do w body MVMT

A

KINESTHESIA

61
Q

sense modality from receptors within INNER ORGANS of body

A

ORGANIC SENSES

62
Q

BUTTERFLIES IN STOMACH = EXAMPLE OF ____

A

ORGANIC SENSES

63
Q

parts of body more sensitive to touch get MORE portions of cortex devoted to them

A

OVERREPRESENTATION OF MOTOR/SOMATOSENSORY STRIPS

64
Q

2 TYPES OF STIMULI FOR SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM

A
  1. TOUCH
  2. KINESTHESIA
65
Q

4 DIFF PROPERTIES OF TOUCH STIMULUS

A
  1. PRESSURES
  2. VIBRATION
  3. TEMP
  4. PAIN
66
Q

touch caused by mechanical deformation of skin

A

PRESSURE

67
Q

touch caused by running skin over textured surface

A

VIBRATION

68
Q

touch caused by objects that lower/raise body temp

A

TEMP

69
Q

touch caused by tissue damage

A

PAIN

70
Q

receptors that report changes in MUSCLE LENGTH

A

STRETCH RECEPTORS IN MUSCLE

71
Q

receptors that respond to MAGNITUDE/DIRECTION of limb mvmt

A

JOINT RECEPTORS BTWN BONES

72
Q

receptors that respond to changes in STRETCHING of SKIN during JOINT/MUSCLE mvmts

A

FACE RECEPTORS (?)

73
Q

receptors that respond to FORCE of mvmts

A

TENDON RECEPTORS

74
Q

skin that does NOT contain hair + contains more complex mixture of FREE NERVE ENDINGS/AXONS (palms/soles of feet)

A

GLABROUS SKIN

75
Q

touch-sensitive skin receptor important in detecting STRETCH/STATIC FORCE (indentations) against skin

A

RUFFINI CORPUSCLES

76
Q

vibration-sensitive skin receptor important in detecting VIBRATION from object being held

A

PACINIAN CORPUSCLES

77
Q

sensory neurons that respond to MECHANICAL STIMULI (PRESSURE/STRETCH/VIBRATION OF SKIN/MUSCLES/TENDONS)

A

MECHANORECEPTORS

78
Q

fast-conducting axons that detect LOCALIZATION of touch

A

LARGE-DIAMETER MYELINATED AXONS

79
Q

axons that detect TEMP/PAIN

A

SMALL-DIAMETER UNMYELINATED AXONS

80
Q

COOLNESS receptors = ____
WARMTH receptors = ____

A

closer to SURFACE of skin; DEEPER in skin

81
Q

regulation of body temp by sweating which cools body thru sweat going to SURFACE of skin

A

THERMOREGULATION

82
Q

pathways that relay info abt SOMATOSENSATION from receptors → thru SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES → to PRIMARY/SECONDARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

A

SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS

83
Q

inability to recognize common objects by TOUCH

A

TACTILE AGNOSIA

84
Q

MISLOCALIZATION of touch

A

ALLOCHIRIA

85
Q

inability to identify body parts that have been touched

A

AUTOTOPAGNOSIA

86
Q
  1. SENSORY COMPONENT
  2. IMMEDIATE EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCES
    .3 LONG-TERM EMOTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC PAIN
A

3 PERCEPTUAL/BHVRL EFFECTS OF PAIN

87
Q

SENSORY COMPONENT OF PAIN = MEDIATED BY ____

A

PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAY

88
Q

EMOTIONAL COMPONENT OF PAIN = MEDIATED BY ____ + _____

A

ANTERIOR CINGULATE + INSULAR CORTICES

89
Q

LONG-TERM EMO IMPLICATIONS OF PAIN = MEDIATED BY

A

PATHWAYS OF FRONTAL CORTEX

90
Q

pain receptors

A

NOCICEPTORS

91
Q

active ingredient in chilli peppers that makes them spicy

A

CAPSAICIN

92
Q

STIMULUS OF OLFACTORY SYSTEM

A

ODORANT

93
Q

volatile substances that rapidly vaporize

A

ODORANT

94
Q

epithelial tissue at top of nasal cavity that covers CRIBRIFORM PLATE + contains CILIA of olfactory receptors

A

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

95
Q

nasal cavity bone at base of front part of brain

A

CRIBRIFORM PLATE

96
Q

mucous membrane at top of nasal cavity

A

OLFACTORY MUCOSA

97
Q

bipolar neurons whose cell bodies = within OLFACTORY MUCOSA that line CRIBRIFORM PLATE that sends signals to OLFACTORY BULB

A

OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS

98
Q

bulbs at base of brain at ends of OLFACTORY TRACTS that contains cells involved in smell

A

OLFACTORY BULBS

99
Q

How many diff receptor types do we have that = tuned to diff odours

A

500-1000

100
Q

OLFACTION/GUSTATION = only sensory systems that have ____ ORGANIZATION

A

IPSILATERAL

101
Q

olfactory impairment causing LOSS of smell/difficulty distinguishing smells

A

ANOSMIA

102
Q

STIMULUS OF GUSTATORY SYSTEM

A

TASTE

103
Q

6 QUALITIES OF TASTE

A
  1. BITTERNESS
  2. SOURNESS
  3. SWEETNESS
  4. SALTINESS
  5. UMAMI
  6. FAT
104
Q
  • Japanese word that translates to beautiful taste
  • MSG
  • sensed by GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS
A

UMAMI

105
Q

biggest aspect of FAT

A

provides MOUTH FEEL

106
Q

small bumps on TONGUE

A

PAPILLAE

107
Q

3 TYPES OF PAPILLAE

A
  1. FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
  2. FOLIATE PAPILLAE
  3. CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE
108
Q

papillae on front 2/3 of tongue

A

FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE

109
Q

papillae consisting of up to 8 folds along each edge of back of tongue

A

FOLIATE PAPILLAE

110
Q

papillae arrange in inverted V on back 1/3 of tongue

A

CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE

111
Q

receptive organs in tongue that = arranged around PAPILLAE that consist of groups of 20-50 receptor cells

A

TASTE BUDS

112
Q

LIFE SPAN OF TASTE RECEPTOR CELLS

A

10-14 DAYS

113
Q

3 CRANIAL NERVES INVOLVED IN TRANSFER OF GUSTATORY INFO

A
  1. FACIAL (VII)
  2. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX)
  3. VAGUS (X)
114
Q

cranial nerve that receives taste info from FRONT part of tongue

A

FACIAL

115
Q

cranial nerve that receives taste info from BACK part of tongue

A

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

116
Q

cranial nerve that receives taste info from receptors in PALATE/GLOTTIS

A

VAGUS

117
Q

branch of FACIAL nerve that passes beneath ear drum + conveys taste info from FRONT part of tongue

A

CHORDA TYMPANI

118
Q
  1. NUCLEUS OF SOLITARY TRACT OF MEDULLA
  2. VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS
  3. PRIMARY GUSTATORY CORTEX (VENTRAL FRONTAL CORTEX/INSULAR CORTEX)
A

PRIMARY GUSTATORY PATHWAY

119
Q

nucleus of MEDULLA that receives info from gustatory system

A

NUCLEUS OF SOLITARY TRACT OF MEDULLA

120
Q

relax station that receives info from TRIGEM NERVE

A

VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS

PSYC2360 (17 decks)

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