12: NEURAL BASIS OF MOTOR CONTROL Flashcards
1
Q
brief unitary activities of muscle (reflexes/postural adjustments/sensory orientation)
A
MOVEMENTS
2
Q
complex, goal-oriented sets of mvmts (walking/gestures/acquired skills)
A
ACTIONS
3
Q
type of mvmts in which info flows from watever = being controlled BACK to the device that controls it
A
CLOSED-LOOP MVMTS
4
Q
type of ballistic mvmts where once mvmt = initiated, there is NO opportunity for feedback + accuracy = controlled thru anticipation of ERROR
A
OPEN-LOOP MVMTS
5
Q
synapse btwn terminal buttons of an EFFERENT neuron axon + a MUSCLE FIBRE
A
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
6
Q
postsynaptic membrane of NEUROMUSC JUNCTION
A
MOTOR ENDPLATES
7
Q
body parts that INITIATE mvmts (hands/neck/eyes)
A
EFFECTORS
8
Q
EXAMPLE OF MUSCLES IN AGONIST/ANTAGONIST PAIR
A
BICEPS/TRICEPS
9
Q
neuron whose axon forms synapses w EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBRES of skeletal muscle
A
ALPHA MOTOR NEURON
10
Q
2 MAIN ASPECTS OF ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS
A
- primary site of interaction btwn MUSCLES + CNS
- determines STRENGTH of muscle contraction
11
Q
NT RELEASED BY ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS
A
ACETYLCHOLINE
12
Q
one of muscle fibres responsible for force exerted by CONTRACTION of skeletal muscle
A
EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS
13
Q
muscle fibres that function as STRETCH RECEPTOR + detect changes in MUSCLE LENGTH
A
INTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS (MUSCLE SPINDLES)
14
Q
mvmts of limb that tends to BEND its joints + contract FLEXOR muscle
A
FLEXION
15
Q
mvmts of limb that tends to STRAIGHTEN its joint + contract EXTENSOR muscle
A
EXTENSION
16
Q
MUSCLES ___ + LIMBS ___
A
CONTRACT; FLEX
17
Q
EXCITATION to ___ muscle = accompanied by INHIBITION to ___ muscle
A
AGONIST; ANTAGONIST
18
Q
signals AWAY from CNS + TOWARD EFFECTORS
A
EFFERENT SIGNALS
19
Q
signals TOWARDS CNS + AWAY from EFFECTORS
A
AFFERENT SIGNLAS
20
Q
reflex in which muscle contracts in response to being QUICKLY STRETCHED
A
MONOSYNAPTIC STRETCH REFLEX
21
Q
- happens w 1 synapse btwn SENSORY neuron + MOTOR neuron
- respond to WEIGHT of objects
- help to maintain POSTURE
A
FUNCTIONS OF MONOSYNAPTIC STRETCH REFLEX
22
Q
reflexes that happen w MORE THAN ONE synapse + contain at least one INTERNEURON btwn the SENSORY + MOTOR neuron
A
POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES
23
Q
- secondary reflexes INHIBIT ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS
- DECR strength of muscular contraction to INHIBIT further action when amt of stretch may cause DAMAGE to tendons
- INTERNEURONS synapse on ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS of ANTAGONIST muscles
A
FUNCTIONS OF POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES
24
Q
receptor organ at junction of tendon + muscle that = sensitive to TOUCH
A
GOLGI TENDON ORGAN
25
1. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
2. SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA (SMA)
3. PREMOTOR CORTEX
3 CORTICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN CONTROLLING MVMT
26
cortical area responsible for causing mvmts of particular parts of body
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
27
topographically organized mapping of parts of body represented in particular region of brain
SOMATOTOPIC ORGANIZATION (PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX)
28
2 cortical areas that receive info from PARIETAL LOBE to help initiate mvmts thru connections w PRIMARY MOTOR CTX
SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA (SMA) + PREMOTOR CORTEX
29
commands for mvmt initiated by MOTOR CORTEX = assisted/modified by ___ ___ + ____
BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM
30
- plays role in planning/prep/initiation of mvmts
- topographic connection w MOTOR CTX
- IPSI/CONTRALAT motor ctx projections + connections to opposite SMA
- primarily involved in complex mvmts/bhvrl sequences
FUNCTIONS OF SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX
31
- involved in learning/executing complex mvmts guided by sensory info (verbal instructions)
FUNCTION OF PREMOTOR CORTEX
32
abstract representation of an intended action
MOTOR PLAN
33
1. specify goal for action
2. outline EFFECTORS needed for that goal
3. create plan
4. execute mvmt
5. compare executed mvmt w plan in real time
STEPS OF MOTOR PLAN
34
copy of MOTOR PLAN to be executed which can be used to compare plan w OUTCOME (blueprint for wat plan should be/where body should be to carry out plan)
EFFERENCE COPY
35
motor plans that involve starting to talk LATER when about to read long sentence than we do for a short one
VOCAL MOTOR PLANS
36
the time it takes to IMAGINE moving shows the SAME patterns for time it takes to make REAL MVMTS
MOTOR IMAGERY
37
patients w NO SENSORY FEEDBACK to moving limb
DEAFFERENTED PATIENTS
38
- can perform simple motor tasks
- mvmts = NOT as precise
- MULTI-JOINT mvmts = difficult
ATTRIBUTES OF DEAFFERENTED PATIENTS
39
part of brain involved in NEW MOTOR PLANS
ANTERIOR CINGULATE
40
- monitoring performance
- error feedback
- evaluation of possible response conflict
FUNCTIONS OF ANTERIOR CINGULATE (ACC TO fMRI)
41
CAUDAL: manual mvmts (hand mvmts)
ROSTRAL: eye mvmts
BTWN CAUDAL/ROSTRAL: speech
DIFF FUNCTIONS OF DIFF PARTS OF ANTERIOR CINGULATE
42
mvmts involved in NEW situations
INTERNALLY DRIVEN MVMTS
43
- SMA
- BASAL GANGLIA
- TEMPORAL LOBE (HIPPOCAMPUS)
- PREMOTOR CTX
BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN INTERNALLY DRIVEN MVMTS
44
FAMILIAR sequences of mvmts
EXTERNALLY DRIVEN MVMTS
45
- PARIETAL CORTEX
- CEREBELLUM
- LATERAL PREMOTOR REGIONS (PREMOTOR/MOTOR CTX)
BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN EXTERNALLY DRIVEN MVMTS
46
pathways from brain responsible for communication info to muscles of body
DESCENDING PATHWAYS
47
2 GROUPS OF DESCENDING TRACTS
1. LATERAL GROUP
2. VENTROMEDIAL GROUP
48
group of descending pathways primarily involved in controlling INDEPENDENT LIMB MVMTS (mvmts of hands/fingers)
LATERAL GROUP DEFN
49
1. CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
2. CORTICOBULBAR TRACT
3. RUBROSPINAL TRACT
3 TRACTS IN LATERAL GROUP
50
groups of descending pathways primarily involved in controlling AUTOMATIC MVMTS (mvmts of trunk/mvmts involved in posture + locomotions)
VENTROMEDIAL GROUP DEFN
51
1. VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT
2. TECTOSPINAL TRACT
3. RETICULOSPINAL TRACT
4. VENTRAL CORTICOSPINAL TRAT
4 TRACTS IN VENTROMEDIAL GROUP
52
system of axons that controls hand/finger mvmts + is required for moving fingers independently when reaching/manipulating
CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
53
part of CORTICOSPINAL TRACT that controls DISTAL muscles (arms/fingers/lower legs/feet)
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
54
part of CORTICOSPINAL TRACT that controls PROXIMAL muscles (trunk/upper legs)
VENTRAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
55
bundle of axons that controls mvmts of face/neck/tongue/parts of extra ocular eye muscles
CORTICOBULBAR TRACT
56
system of axons that modulates motor control + coordination of index mvmts of forearms/hands (NOT FINGERS)
RUBROSPINAL TRACT
57
bundle of axons that controls postural mvmts in response to info from vestibular system
VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT
58
bundle of axons that coordinates head/trunk mvmts + eye mvmts
TECTOSPINAL TRACT
59
bundle of axons that control muscles responsible for postural mvmts
RETICULOSPINAL TRACT
60
brainstem disorder that involves damage to VII FACIAL NERVE
FACIAL NERVE PALSY/BELL'S PALSY
61
brainstem disorder that involves complete paralysis due to bilateral lesions of motor pathways + lower cranial nerves in PONS/MEDULLA
LOCKED-IN SYNDROME
62
- III OCULOMOTOR NERVE = spared
- cognition = unimpaired
- EEG = normal
ATTRIBUTES OF LOCKED-IN SYNDROME
63
aggressively progressive brainstem disorder that affects motor neurons in cortex, brainstem + spinal cord that generally leads to death in 2-4 yrs after onset
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS/LOU GHERIG'S DISEASE)
64
subcortical structure that = "lil brain/fix-it shop" of brain that contains 80% of brains neurons + receives input from SOMATOSENSORY/VESTIBULAR/VISUAL/AUDITORY modalities
CEREBELLUM
65
CEREBELLUM has ___ (IPSI/CONTRALAT) organization
IPSILATERAL
66
1. VERMIS (contains FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS)
2. INTERMEDIATE ZONE (contains INTERPOSED NUCLEUS)
3. LATERAL ZONE (contains DENTATE NUCLEUS)
3 SECTIONS OF CEREBELLUM
67
midline structure of CEREBELLUM that receives somatosensory/kinesthetic info + is important for posture
VERMIS
68
older part of CEREBELLUM that receives info from RED NUCLEUS + SPINAL CORD
INTERMEDIATE ZONE
69
outer part of CEREBELLUM that receives info from MOTOR/ASSOC CORTICES via the PONS
LATERAL ZONE
70
DAMAGE to ___ = affected WALKING/BALANCE but fine motor control of distal muscles remains intact
VERMIS
71
DAMAGE to ___ = rigidity + ACTION/INTENTION TEMOR
INTERMEDIATE ZONE
72
DAMAGE to ___ = affected:
- ballistic mvmts
- coordination of multi-joint mvmts
- learning new mvmts
- impairments in timing motor/cog functions
- impairments in ability to RECALIBRATE mvmts in response to visual disturbances
LATERAL ZONE
73
tremor in hand when intentionally doing an action (such as touching finger to nose)
ACTION/INTENTION TREMOR
74
1. FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS
2. INTERPOSED NUCLEUS
3. DENTATE NUCLEUS
3 DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
75
deep cerebellar nucleus involved in control of mvmt by RETICULO/VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACTS
FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS
76
deep cerebellar nucleus involved in control of RUBROSPINAL SYSTEM
INTERPOSED NUCLEUS
77
deep cerebellar nucleus involved in control fo rapid/skilled mvmts by CORTICO/RUBROSPINAL SYSTEMS
DENTATE NUCLEUS
78
cerebellar disorder where u have probs w coordination of motor mvmts
ATAXIA
79
cerebellar disorder characterized by lurching unsteady/wide gait
GAIT ATAXIA
80
gait typical of midline cerebellar lesions/chronic alcoholism
BASED GAIT
81
frontal/parietal cortex disorder characterized by difficulty carrying out PURPOSEFUL mvmts in absence of paralysis/muscular weakness
APRAXIA
82
trigger center for mvmts thru balance btwn INHIBITORY/EXCITATORY CONNECTIONS
BASAL GANGLIA
83
INPUT of BASAL GANGLIA = mainly to ___
STRIATUM (CAUDATE/PUTAMEN)
84
OUTPUTS of BASAL GANGLIA = mainly to ___/___/___/___
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX/SMA/PREMOTOR CORTEX/MOTOR NUCLEI
85
1. CAUDATE NUCLEUS
2. PUTAMEN
3. GLOBUS PALLIDUS
3 MOTOR NUCLEI
86
neural loop that involves links which are made by both EXCITATORY (GLUTAMATE-SECRETING) + INHIBITORY (GABA-SECRETING) neurons
CORTICAL-BASAL GANGLIA LOOP
87
DIRECT PATHWAY OF CORTICAL-BASAL GANGLIA LOOP = ____
EXCITATORY
88
INDIRECT PATHWAY OF CORTICAL-BASAL GANGLIA LOOP = ___
INHIBITORY
