11. Party System in India Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
How have regional parties strengthened Indian democracy and federal system?
A
Regional parties have played a crucial role in enhancing the representation of diverse regional interests, thereby strengthening the federal structure and promoting democratic participation at local levels.
2
Q
What is the interaction of federal structure, electoral system, and social cleavages in shaping the party system in India?
A
The Indian party system is influenced by its federal structure, which allows for regional representation, an electoral system that encourages multi-party competition, and social cleavages that reflect the diverse identities and interests of the population.
3
Q
How has inadequate intra-party democracy affected the functioning of Indian democracy?
A
Inadequate intra-party democracy has led to centralization of power within parties, reduced accountability, and limited participation of grassroots members, negatively impacting the overall democratic process in India.
4
Q
Why are political personalities considered more significant than political parties in India?
A
Political personalities often dominate the political landscape in India due to their charisma, public appeal, and ability to connect with voters, overshadowing the ideological and organizational strength of political parties.
5
Q
What are the implications of the changing socio-economic profile of legislators for Indian democracy?
A
The changing socio-economic profile of legislators may lead to a disconnect between elected representatives and their constituents, potentially undermining the health of Indian democracy by not adequately representing the interests of the broader population.
6
Q
How has identity politics overshadowed development politics in India?
A
Identity politics has gained prominence in India, often prioritizing caste, religion, and regional affiliations over developmental issues, which can hinder comprehensive socio-economic progress.
7
Q
What is the significance of the transition from one-party dominance to coalition politics in India?
A
The transition from one-party dominance to coalition politics reflects a more pluralistic political landscape, allowing for greater representation of diverse interests and fostering a more inclusive democratic process.
8
Q
How is Indian politics moving from ascriptive politics to developmental politics in the post-liberalization era?
A
In the post-liberalization era, there is a shift towards developmental politics, where economic growth and development issues are becoming more central to political discourse, moving away from traditional ascriptive identities.
9
Q
What role does development play in influencing electoral behavior in recent elections?
A
Recent elections indicate that development issues have started to overshadow caste-based considerations in electoral behavior, suggesting a shift towards prioritizing governance and economic performance.
10
Q
What changes have occurred in the socio-economic profile of legislators in India over the last decade?
A
The socio-economic profile of legislators has evolved, with increasing representation from diverse backgrounds, which may reflect broader societal changes and impact policy-making.
11
Q
What is the increasing role of regional political parties in national politics?
A
Regional political parties have gained significant influence in national politics by representing local interests, forming coalitions, and impacting policy decisions at the national level.
12
Q
How do social and economic factors govern electoral behavior of voters?
A
Electoral behavior is increasingly influenced by social and economic factors, such as class, income, and education, rather than solely by political affiliations or party loyalty.
13
Q
What is the potential impact of state subvention/funding on electoral democracy in India?
A
State subvention or funding could enhance electoral democracy by reducing the influence of money in politics, promoting fair competition, and increasing transparency in electoral processes.
14
Q
What were the major national trends in the party system during the decade 1989-1999?
A
The decade 1989-1999 saw significant trends such as the rise of coalition politics, increased regional party influence, and a shift towards a more fragmented party system at the national level.
15
Q
Is the concept of ‘one-party dominance’ still relevant in Indian politics today?
A
The relevance of the ‘one-party dominance’ model has diminished as India has transitioned to a more competitive multi-party system, with coalition governments becoming the norm.
16
Q
What is the current status of left politics in India?
A
Left politics in India has experienced marginalization, with declining electoral support and influence in the face of rising regional and right-wing parties.
17
Q
What are the nature and scope of reforms in the electoral process in India?
A
Reforms in the electoral process have focused on enhancing transparency, reducing corruption, and improving voter participation, with further scope for reforms in areas like campaign finance and electoral technology.
18
Q
How have pressure groups influenced public policy-making in India?
A
Pressure groups have played a significant role in shaping public policy by advocating for specific interests, mobilizing public opinion, and engaging with policymakers to influence legislative outcomes.
19
Q
What factors have contributed to the rise of regional political parties in contemporary India?
A
The rise of regional political parties can be attributed to increasing regional aspirations, identity politics, and the failure of national parties to address local issues effectively.
20
Q
What is the pattern of political parties transitioning from a one dominant party system to coalition politics in national politics?
A
The transition from a one dominant party system to coalition politics reflects a shift towards a more inclusive political environment, where multiple parties must collaborate to form governments, reflecting diverse interests.
21
Q
What is Max Weber’s definition of political parties?
A
Max Weber defined political parties as organizations that seek to influence policy or appoint their members to government positions through the electoral process, characterized by their goal of achieving power within a government and distinguished by their methods of achieving these aims, which include voluntary enrollment and seeking mass support.
22
Q
How did Robert Michels define political parties?
A
Robert Michels defined political parties as organized groups of individuals with a particular political aim or set of aims, highlighting the tendency for such organizations to develop hierarchical structures.
23
Q
What is Maurice Duverger’s description of political parties?
A
Maurice Duverger described political parties as institutionalized groups that compete in elections to exercise power through governmental offices.
24
Q
What is the normative approach to political parties as proposed by Edmund Burke?
A
Edmund Burke identified the normative approach to understanding political parties, stating that they are groups of individuals united by a common ideology and purpose, aiming to promote the national interest, emphasizing the principled and ideological foundations of political parties.
25
What characterizes a catch-all party according to Otto Von Kirchheimer?
Otto Von Kirchheimer coined the term 'catch-all party' to describe a type of political party characterized by a dilution of ideological purity in favor of appealing to a broader range of voters, signifying a shift towards pragmatism over strict ideological commitment in party politics.
26
What is Lenin's theory regarding the role of the Communist Party?
V.I. Lenin outlined in 'What Is To Be Done?' that the working class cannot achieve revolutionary consciousness on its own and requires leadership from the Communist Party, which acts as the vanguard of the revolution, emphasizing its highly organized, secretive, and hierarchical structure with a focus on democratic centralism.
27
What is the 'iron law of oligarchy' introduced by Robert Michels?
Robert Michels introduced the concept of the 'iron law of oligarchy,' observing that all parties, regardless of ideological intentions, tend to develop oligarchic structures where leadership is concentrated in the hands of a few, challenging the notion that socialist parties are fundamentally different in organization from other political parties.
28
What does Duverger's Law state?
Duverger's Law posits a correlation between electoral systems and party systems, suggesting that simple majority electoral systems tend to favor a two-party system.
29
What is the role of political parties in shaping political discourse?
Political parties are central to the political dialogue within a country, helping to frame issues debated in the public sphere and influencing the direction of national discourse, especially in multiparty democracies.
30
How do political parties contribute to voter mobilization?
Political parties mobilize voters by encouraging participation in the electoral process, ensuring broad engagement in the democratic process, and providing political leadership by nominating candidates and articulating policy positions.
31
What is the significance of agenda-setting by political parties?
Political parties play a crucial role in setting the political agenda by identifying and prioritizing issues for political debate and policy-making, thereby influencing public opinion and policy directions.
32
What dual role do political parties play in Indian democracy according to Zoya Hassan?
Political parties are pivotal in both the success of democracy by accommodating diverse groups and facilitating peaceful power transitions, and in contributing to challenges such as corruption and political polarization.
33
What is coalition politics and its importance in India as highlighted by Zoya Hasan?
Coalition politics refers to the necessity of multiple parties working together in India, as no single party often has absolute power, reflecting the diverse socio-political landscape of the country.
34
What is Identity Politics in the context of Indian party politics?
Identity Politics refers to the significant role of caste, religion, and regional identity in shaping party politics and electoral strategies, which has both empowered marginalized communities and perpetuated divisions.
35
What are Institutionalized Riot Systems as discussed by Paul Brass?
Institutionalized Riot Systems refer to how political parties, particularly at the regional level, have sometimes fostered communal tensions for electoral gains, using riots and communal violence as instruments of political strategy.
36
What does Yogendra Yadav mean by Shifts in Party System?
Shifts in Party System refers to the transformation in India's party system, noting the shift from a dominant-party system to a more competitive multiparty system, leading to greater electoral volatility and unpredictability.
37
What role do Regional Parties play in national politics according to Yogendra Yadav?
Regional Parties have grown in importance in national politics, reflecting the decentralization of political power and the significance of regional identities and issues.
38
What characterized the Phase 1 of the evolution of the party system in India?
Phase 1, known as Congress Dominance (1947-1967), was characterized by the Indian National Congress (INC) dominating the political landscape and playing a crucial role in the nation-building process.
39
What was the significance of the 1967 elections in the context of Indian politics?
The 1967 elections marked a significant turning point with the emergence of strong opposition parties, leading to a decline in Congress's hegemony and the beginning of coalition governments.
40
What is the significance of the Janata Party in Indian politics?
The Janata Party, a coalition of opposition parties, came to power in 1977, marking the first non-Congress government at the center, but was short-lived due to internal conflicts, leading to the return of Congress in the early 1980s.
41
What does the rise of regional parties indicate about Indian politics since the late 1980s?
The rise of regional parties reflects the growing assertion of regional identities and issues, leading to a more decentralized and pluralistic political system in India.
42
How has coalition politics become a norm in India since 1989?
Since 1989, no single party has won an outright majority in many elections, resulting in the formation of coalition governments, which necessitate negotiation and compromise among diverse political entities.
43
What role do regional parties play in the federal structure of India?
Regional parties reflect the country's socio-cultural diversity and the federal principle of accommodating regional aspirations, reshaping the political map of India and redefining center-state relations.
44
What is the impact of social cleavages on electoral politics in India?
Social cleavages, particularly caste and religion, significantly influence electoral politics in India, contributing to the fragmentation of the electorate and the rise of identity politics.
45
What is the role of socio-cultural diversity in the rise of regional parties in India?
Socio-cultural diversity serves as a foundational cause for the emergence of regional parties, as these parties often represent specific regional, linguistic, caste, or ethnic identities seeking greater recognition and autonomy within the Indian federal structure.
46
How does decentralization and federalism contribute to the growth of regional parties in India?
The federal structure of India provides a conducive environment for the growth of regional parties by decentralizing power to states, making state-level politics more significant and allowing regional parties to gain control over state governments and assert their influence nationally.
47
What impact do economic disparities have on the rise of regional parties in India?
Economic disparities and uneven development across different regions of India contribute to the rise of regional parties, which often campaign on issues of regional development, resource allocation, and economic policies tailored to their constituencies' specific needs.
48
How did the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments affect regional parties in India?
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments strengthened local governance by empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions and urban local bodies, which expanded the political space at the grassroots level, allowing regional parties to build strong local networks and assert their relevance in politics.
49
What are the challenges posed by coalition politics in India according to E. Sridharan?
E. Sridharan argues that while coalition politics can deepen democracy by making governance more inclusive and representative, it also presents challenges for political stability and policy coherence.
50
How has economic liberalization impacted party politics in India?
Economic liberalization and reforms have led to shifts in party ideologies and electoral strategies, impacting the nature of political competition and the economic underpinnings of party systems in India.
51
What is the significance of regional parties in enhancing representation and inclusivity in Indian democracy?
Regional parties have significantly enhanced the representation of diverse linguistic, ethnic, and cultural groups in the political process, making Indian democracy more inclusive.
52
How do regional parties contribute to the decentralization and empowerment of regional identities?
The rise of regional parties has led to a more decentralized governance structure, empowering states and regional identities, allowing for more localized and responsive governance.
53
What are the implications of coalition politics resulting from the growth of regional parties?
The growth of regional parties has necessitated the formation of coalition governments at the national level, which can lead to more consensus-based governance but also result in political instability and policy paralysis due to conflicting interests among coalition partners.
54
How does the rise of regional parties affect the relationship between regionalism and nationalism?
The rise of regional parties can exacerbate tensions between regionalism and nationalism, leading to conflicts over resource allocation, cultural identity, and political autonomy, as seen in the demand for a separate state of Telangana.
55
What economic implications arise from the growth of regional politics in India?
The growth of regional politics can lead to economic divergence among states, as regional parties often prioritize state-specific development agendas, affecting negotiation dynamics between states and the central government over resources and economic policies.
56
What is the significance of regional parties in India's federal structure?
Regional parties emerge due to India's federal system, which decentralizes power across states, allowing these parties to cater to local interests and identities, as seen with parties like DMK and Shiv Sena.
57
How does the First Past the Post electoral system affect regional parties in India?
The First Past the Post electoral system tends to favor larger parties but allows regional parties to dominate state-level politics where their specific agendas resonate with local voters, despite not securing a broad national base.
58
What are the implications of identity politics on social cohesion in India?
Identity politics can mobilize marginalized communities but may also deepen social divisions, raising concerns about social fragmentation, as highlighted by analysts like Rajni Kothari.
59
How do social cleavages influence political party mobilization in India?
Social cleavages such as caste, religion, and language significantly shape political loyalties, with parties mobilizing support based on these identities, like the BSP for Dalits and BJP for Hindus.
60
What is the significance of majoritarianism in the context of the BJP's rise according to Christophe Jaffrelot?
Majoritarianism, as expressed by Christophe Jaffrelot, indicates a trend that challenges the pluralistic and secular foundations of India, with the BJP using Hindu nationalist rhetoric to consolidate a collective identity that often sidelines minority communities.
61
How does Rajni Kothari view the impact of identity politics on Indian democracy?
Rajni Kothari expresses concern about the increasing polarization and the use of identity politics for electoral gains, highlighting the risks these trends pose to democratic practices and inclusivity in India.
62
What is Aseem Prakash's perspective on the relationship between environmental issues and nationalist narratives in India?
Aseem Prakash suggests that environmental issues in India are intertwined with nationalist narratives, with the BJP framing environmental conservation within the context of protecting a Hindu way of life, reflecting a strategy to embed Hindutva ideology into governance and civil society.
63
What concerns does Suhas Palshikar raise about the BJP's approach to dissent and democracy?
Suhas Palshikar warns of the BJP's tendency towards authoritarianism.
64
What concerns does Suhas Palshikar raise about the BJP's approach to dissent and democracy?
Suhas Palshikar warns of the BJP's tendency towards authoritarianism, particularly in how it manages dissent and democracy, arguing that the party's dominance poses challenges to India's democratic ethos and institutional autonomy.
65
What are the core ideologies of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)?
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is known for its emphasis on Hindu nationalism (Hindutva) and advocates for policies that promote cultural and religious heritage, appealing to Hindu majority sentiments.
66
What is the primary focus of the Indian National Congress (INC) in its political ideology?
The Indian National Congress (INC) advocates for a secular state and inclusive politics, traditionally supporting a welfare state model and progressive social policies.
67
What is the political stance of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)?
The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) focuses on anti-corruption, governance reforms, and social welfare, emphasizing secular and egalitarian principles.
68
How do economically left-wing parties in India generally approach social welfare?
Economically left-wing parties in India tend to favor policies that include subsidies for the poor, support for agrarian and rural development, and progressive taxation to finance social welfare programs, reflecting the need for inclusive growth.
69
What are the concerns raised by Pratap Bhanu Mehta regarding the BJP-led government's impact on India's liberal democracy?
Pratap Bhanu Mehta has expressed concerns over diminishing freedoms, the curtailing of critical voices, and the undermining of institutions, indicating a significant shift in Indian politics with long-term implications for democratic governance and social harmony.
70
What does Wendy Doniger argue regarding Hindu culture and its representation?
Wendy Doniger critiques the monolithic representation of Hindu culture promoted by Hindu nationalist movements and argues for recognizing the diversity within Hindu traditions while warning against the politicization of religion for electoral gains.
71
What is Kancha Ilaiah Shepherd's criticism of the Indian left?
Kancha Ilaiah Shepherd criticizes the Indian left for neglecting caste issues, arguing that any movement committed to social justice must prioritize caste discrimination alongside class struggle to be truly inclusive and representative of India's diverse social realities.
72
What economic policies does Prabhat Patnaik advocate for?
Prabhat Patnaik critiques neoliberal economic policies and advocates for a return to socialist principles, emphasizing the need for economic policies that prioritize social welfare and equity, resisting policies that favor market forces over the needs of the majority.
73
What is Romila Thapar's perspective on the left's principles?
Romila Thapar implicitly supports principles associated with the left, such as secularism and rationalism, suggesting that understanding India's complex history is vital for fostering a more inclusive and secular political discourse.
74
What does Aijaz Ahmad advocate for in relation to the Indian left?
Aijaz Ahmad criticizes the Indian left for not adapting to global changes and identity politics, advocating for a reinvigorated left movement that remains committed to economic equality and anti-imperialism while being responsive to contemporary political landscapes.
75
What contributions does Sumit Sarkar acknowledge about the left in India?
Sumit Sarkar appreciates the contributions of the left to India's political and social spheres, particularly during the freedom struggle and post-independence era, while also pointing out the left's failures and the need for critical self-examination.
76
What is Sudipta Kaviraj's view on the Indian left?
Sudipta Kaviraj acknowledges the intellectual rigor and contributions of the Indian left to democratic and secular politics but critiques its dogmatic approach, suggesting that flexibility and engagement with social issues are crucial for its future relevance.
77
What was the significance of the Janata Party government formed in 1977?
The Janata Party government formed in 1977 was the first notable instance of coalition governance at the national level, representing an amalgamation of parties opposed to the Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi, although it collapsed in 1979.
78
What is the significance of the Mandal Commission report in the context of coalition politics in India?
The Mandal Commission report recommended reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBC), which sparked significant political and social debates, highlighting the complexities of coalition politics in India during the 1990s.
79
How did the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) contribute to stability in coalition politics from 1998 to 2014?
The NDA, formed under the leadership of the BJP in 1998, provided a relatively stable government, navigating India's diverse political landscape by including several regional parties, and is credited with significant economic reforms and infrastructural projects.
80
What role did the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) play in the evolution of coalition politics in India?
The UPA, led by the Congress party from 2004, included multiple regional parties and was marked by significant policies like the Right to Information Act and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, influencing governance and social welfare.
81
What are the unique features of coalition politics in India as analyzed by scholars?
Coalition politics in India is characterized by a multi-party system, regional diversity, and the accommodation of various communal interests, reflecting the societal complexities of the country.
82
How has coalition dynamics continued to play a role in Indian politics post-2014?
Despite the BJP achieving a majority on its own in the 2014 elections, coalition dynamics remain critical at the state level and in subsequent elections, indicating the ongoing influence of regional parties and coalitions in Indian politics.
83
What necessitates coalition governments in India?
Coalition governments are necessitated by the inability of any single party to secure an absolute majority, especially at the national level.
84
How do regional parties influence national policies in coalition governments?
Regional parties exert significant influence on national policies through coalitions, ensuring that local issues receive attention and integrating diverse interests into the policymaking process.
85
What is the impact of a fragmented electorate on coalition politics in India?
A fragmented electorate, divided along caste, religion, and region, often results in a fragmented Parliament, making coalitions necessary for government formation.
86
What role does party leadership play in coalition politics in India?
Coalition politics enhances the role of party leaders, who negotiate alliances and make pivotal decisions, sometimes overshadowing institutional processes.
87
What are the positive consequences of coalition politics in India?
Positive consequences include increased federalism, policy moderation, and enhanced political inclusivity, allowing for greater representation of regional diversity and centrist policies.
88
What are the negative consequences of coalition politics in India?
Negative consequences include policy paralysis, increased corruption, short-term policy focus, and political uncertainty due to the need to appease multiple coalition partners.
89
What is the desirability of coalition politics in terms of political stability?
Coalitions can lead to more democratic and balanced decision-making processes, accommodating diverse interests and promoting stability in governance.
90
What is the positive view of coalitions in terms of economic policy and development?
Coalitions may result in moderated economic policies, with broad-based support reducing the likelihood of drastic policy swings, which is favorable for economic stability and growth.
91
What are the negative implications of coalition politics regarding corruption and transparency?
Coalitions are often seen as breeding grounds for corruption due to the necessity of political bargaining, leading to resource allocation based on satisfying coalition partners rather than merit or public interest.
92
How do coalitions provide checks and balances in governance?
Coalitions can provide a check on the absolute power of any single party, potentially reducing the likelihood of authoritarian governance and moderating more extreme policies.
93
What challenges did the Karnataka coalition between Congress and JD(S) face?
The coalition was marked by instability and eventually collapsed, highlighting the challenges of ideological and regional differences.
94
What factors determine the effectiveness of coalition governments in India?
The effectiveness of coalition governments often hinges on the strength of the coalition agreement, the leadership’s ability to manage diverse groups, and their commitment to transparent and effective governance.
95
What is policy paralysis in the context of coalition politics?
Policy paralysis refers to the situation where the need to accommodate diverse coalition partners leads to compromises and delays in policy-making, resulting in critical reforms being stalled or watered down.
96
How does political instability affect long-term investment in India?
Political instability, often caused by precarious coalitions leading to frequent elections and changes in government, can deter long-term investment and development plans.
97
What are pre-election coalitions and their significance?
Pre-election coalitions are agreements formed by parties before elections, providing clearer choices to voters and potentially leading to more stability in government formation.
98
What role do coalition agreements play in coalition governance?
Coalition agreements outline the policy roadmap and mechanisms for conflict resolution, helping to reduce uncertainty and infighting within coalition governments.
99
How does charismatic leadership influence political parties in India?
Charismatic leadership can significantly influence party policies, electoral strategies, and party identity, often transcending the party's institutional structure and shaping its appeal and electoral success.
100
What is the impact of leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Narendra Modi on their respective parties?
Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Narendra Modi have profoundly impacted their parties' fortunes, shaping their image, mobilizing mass support, and driving their agendas, thus transforming the political landscape in India.
101
What is dynastic politics in India?
Dynastic politics in India refers to the phenomenon where family lineage often determines political influence and leadership roles within parties, exemplified by families like the Nehru-Gandhi family in the Congress party.
102
How do regional satraps influence their parties in India?
Regional satraps in India wield considerable influence within their parties by tailoring policies to regional identities and issues, as seen with leaders like Mamata Banerjee and J. Jayalalithaa.
103
What is the significance of identity politics in India's electoral dynamics?
Identity politics in India mobilizes voters based on religious, caste, ethnic, or regional identities, significantly impacting electoral dynamics and party strategies, as seen with the BJP and the Bahujan Samaj Party.
104
What are the implications of developmental politics in India?
Developmental politics in India focuses on economic growth, infrastructure, healthcare, and education, aiming to appeal to voters across various social and economic categories by addressing universal needs.
105
What are the potential effects of personality-driven politics on democracy in India?
Personality-driven politics can undermine institutional processes within parties and the broader political system, raising questions about democratic health and governance.
106
What is the significance of Narendra Modi's slogan 'Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas' in Indian politics?
It illustrates a push toward developmental politics, emphasizing initiatives like Make in India, Digital India, and Swachh Bharat, aiming for inclusive growth.
107
How does the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) contribute to developmental politics in Delhi?
AAP focuses on delivering quality education and healthcare as part of its development agenda, reflecting a commitment to governance and public welfare.
108
What role does ascriptive politics play in Indian political mobilization?
Ascriptive politics revolves around identities assigned at birth, such as caste, religion, and ethnicity, which deeply influence political mobilization, party strategies, and electoral outcomes.
109
How do caste-based political parties like BSP and SP mobilize support in India?
These parties cater specifically to caste groups, consolidating votes by advocating for the rights and representation of marginalized communities, such as Dalits and OBCs.
110
What is the impact of religious identity on Indian politics, particularly in the context of BJP and IUML?
Religious identity plays a critical role, with BJP leveraging Hindu nationalism to unify caste divisions, while IUML represents the interests of the Muslim community in Kerala.
111
How do scholars like Paul R. Brass and Rajni Kothari view the role of caste in Indian politics?
Brass analyzes how political leaders exploit ascriptive identities for mobilization, while Kothari argues that caste-based politics has increased participation among marginalized groups but also reinforced caste identities.
112
What is intra-party democracy?
Intra-party democracy refers to the democratic practices and processes within political parties, including how decisions are made, leaders are selected, policies are developed, and members are engaged.
113
How does dynastic politics affect intra-party democracy in India?
Dynastic politics limits opportunities for ordinary party members and is a significant barrier to intra-party democracy, as leadership is often passed down within families rather than through democratic processes.
114
What are the challenges to intra-party democracy in Indian political parties?
Challenges include dynastic politics, lack of regular elections, opaque decision-making processes, and limited member participation in shaping party policies or choosing leaders.
115
How do political parties in India vary in their intra-party democratic practices?
Indian political parties vary widely, from highly centralized parties like the Indian National Congress to more decentralized ones like the Aam Aadmi Party, which initially promoted member involvement but has faced centralization issues over time.
116
What is the significance of intra-party democracy for the health of a democratic system?
Intra-party democracy is essential as it ensures that political parties are governed by principles of transparency, accountability, and participatory decision-making, which are crucial for a healthy democratic system.
117
What is the Centralization of Power in political parties?
Centralization of Power refers to the concentration of authority within many political parties in the hands of a few top leaders or a central committee, which limits grassroots involvement and decision-making.
118
What are the cultural factors affecting intra-party democracy?
Cultural factors include a hierarchy and reverence for authority figures within parties that discourage open debates and democratic processes.
119
What recommendations did the Law Commission of India make regarding internal democracy in political parties?
The Law Commission of India recommended reforms to ensure internal democracy in political parties, suggesting mandatory internal elections and transparency in candidate selection.
120
How can decentralization of power enhance intra-party democracy?
Decentralization of power can enhance intra-party democracy by encouraging the devolution of decision-making to lower levels of party structure, thus increasing participation in significant decisions.
121
What role does financial transparency play in intra-party democracy?
Financial transparency is crucial in reducing the influence of money on internal politics, thereby promoting a more democratic process within political parties.
122
What is the significance of promoting non-dynastic leadership in political parties?
Promoting non-dynastic leadership is significant as it encourages merit-based leadership progression and reduces the prevalence of dynastic politics, which can undermine party efficiency.
123
What is state funding of elections and its purpose in India?
State funding of elections is a proposed concept in India aimed at addressing issues related to electoral financing, with the goal of reducing corruption and increasing transparency in the electoral process.
124
What are the positives of state funding in India?
The positives of state funding in India include reducing dependence on private donations, enhancing transparency in financial operations of political parties, and leveling the playing field for smaller parties and new entrants to compete effectively in elections.
125
What are the negatives of state funding in India?
The negatives of state funding in India include the financial burden on the state, potential for misuse of funds, and public opposition to using taxpayer money for political campaigns.
126
What is the electoral bond scheme in India?
The electoral bond scheme in India, introduced in 2017, allows individuals and companies to buy bonds from the State Bank of India and donate them anonymously to political parties of their choice.
127
What is the mixed model of state funding proposed by scholars like E. Sridharan?
The mixed model of state funding proposed by scholars suggests supplementing private funding with state funding, balancing transparency and accountability while allowing for private contributions under strict regulatory frameworks.
128
What are the current trends in the debate over state funding in India?
Current trends in the debate over state funding in India involve discussions by stakeholders like the Law Commission and the Election Commission, focusing on balancing the risks of corruption with the need for political accountability to voters.
129
What is the definition of electoral bonds in the context of Indian politics?
Electoral bonds are financial instruments for making donations to political parties in India, which were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court due to concerns over transparency and undue influence in policymaking.
130
What is the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling on electoral bonds?
The Supreme Court's ruling mandates the disclosure of details regarding electoral bonds, including donor identities and contribution amounts, to enhance transparency in political funding and reduce undue influence in policymaking.
131
What role do Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) play in the electoral process in India?
EVMs were introduced to reduce ballot stuffing and vote miscounting.
132
What are electoral bonds?
Electoral bonds are financial instruments for making donations to political parties in India, which were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court due to concerns over transparency and undue influence in policymaking.
133
What role do Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) play in the electoral process in India?
EVMs were introduced to reduce ballot stuffing and vote miscounting, speeding up the voting and counting processes while minimizing human error.
134
What is the purpose of the NOTA option in Indian elections?
'None of the Above' (NOTA) option allows voters to reject all candidates if they find them unsatisfactory, providing a voice to voter dissatisfaction.
135
What is the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) in Indian elections?
The Model Code of Conduct is enforced from the announcement of the election schedule until the conclusion of elections to ensure that the electoral process is fair and free from undue influence and pressure.
136
What is the proposal for state funding of elections in India?
The proposal for state funding of elections aims to curb the influence of wealthy donors and reduce corruption, potentially leveling the playing field among political contenders.
137
Why is electoral roll management important in the Indian electoral process?
Enhancing the accuracy and transparency of electoral rolls is crucial to ensure that all eligible voters are properly registered and to prevent fraudulent entries.
138
What is the need for regulation of political party finances in India?
Greater transparency in the finances of political parties is needed to enforce existing rules and introduce robust mechanisms for reporting and auditing their finances.
139
What are the criticisms of the First-Past-The-Post electoral system in India?
Critics argue that the First-Past-The-Post system does not reflect the true will of the people, as it can allow a candidate to win without a majority of votes, leading to a misrepresentation of voter preferences.
140
What are pressure groups?
Pressure groups are interest groups that seek to influence public policy through various forms of advocacy without the intention of seeking governmental office, as defined by V.O. Key.
141
What is the difference between pressure groups and political parties?
Pressure groups seek to influence policy without aiming for direct control of the government, while political parties aim to gain governmental power through elections and control policy by forming a government.
142
What is the significance of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI) as a pressure group?
FICCI is an association of business organizations in India that advocates for policies benefiting the private sector, playing a significant role in influencing economic policies.
143
How do pressure groups differ from interest groups in India?
Pressure groups are more actively involved in pressing the government on specific issues through lobbying and advocacy, while interest groups may focus more broadly on promotional activities and education without aggressive advocacy.
144
What is David Truman's disturbance theory in relation to pressure groups?
David Truman's disturbance theory suggests that pressure groups form primarily in response to disturbances in the societal or political environment that threaten the interests of certain people.
145
What role does the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) play as a pressure group?
AITUC works to influence labor laws and protections for workers, representing the interests of labor in India.
146
What is the Narmada Bachao Andolan and its significance as a pressure group?
The Narmada Bachao Andolan is an Indian social movement advocating against the construction of large dams on the Narmada river, highlighting the role of pressure groups in environmental activism.
147
What is the role of pressure groups in Indian democracy?
Pressure groups serve as a vital link between the government and the governed, influencing public policy without taking on direct governance roles, and are crucial for articulating the interests of various segments of society.
148
How do pressure groups impact democratic processes in India?
Pressure groups enhance democratic engagement by mobilizing specific constituencies and interests, but they can also stall legislative processes through intense lobbying when their interests conflict with broader public welfare.
149
What types of pressure groups exist in India according to Christophe Jaffrelot?
Pressure groups in India can be broadly categorized into promotional groups, which advocate for issues like environment or human rights, and sectional groups, which represent specific segments like business associations or trade unions.
150
How do pressure groups contribute to democratizing the state in India?
Pressure groups contribute to democratizing the state by engaging in policy advocacy that reflects grassroots preferences and priorities, ensuring that marginalized sections are heard in the policy-making process.
151
What influence do pressure groups have on economic policy and reforms in India?
Pressure groups influence economic reforms in India by pushing for liberalization while also resisting changes that threaten their economic or political bases, showcasing a complex interaction between various interests.
152
What is the significance of grassroots mobilization in movements like the Narmada Bachao Andolan?
Grassroots mobilization in movements like the Narmada Bachao Andolan showcases how organized civil society can challenge and change state policies, highlighting the power of pressure groups in a democratic context.
153
What factors influence voting behavior in India?
Voting behavior in India is influenced by a combination of factors including caste, religion, economic issues, and regional dynamics, reflecting the country's diverse socio-economic and cultural landscape.
154
What is the significance of the Congress party in the post-Independence era of India?
The Congress party dominated the political landscape initially due to its legacy as the leading force in the independence movement, with voter loyalty stemming from gratitude and nationalist sentiment.
155
How did the emergency period from 1975 to 1977 affect opposition politics in India?
The emergency period led to significant anti-incumbency sentiments, culminating in the formation of the Janata Party coalition, which successfully ousted Congress for the first time.
156
What role do caste and religion play in shaping voting behaviors in India?
Caste and religion significantly influence voting behaviors, with parties tailoring their appeals to these identities, as seen with the BJP's Hindutva agenda and regional parties focusing on specific caste coalitions.
157
How have economic issues influenced voter behavior in India?
As the middle class grows, economic issues such as inflation, unemployment, and GDP growth increasingly influence voter behavior, particularly in urban areas and gaining traction in rural regions.
158
What distinguishes the ideological narratives of the BJP and Congress?
The BJP focuses on nationalism and Hindu nationalism, while Congress emphasizes secularism, attracting different segments of voters based on these distinct ideological narratives.
159
What impact does the charisma of leaders have on voting behavior in India?
Leaders like Narendra Modi significantly impact voting behaviors due to their personal charisma and communication skills, helping parties secure majorities in elections.
160
How has media and social media influenced voter behavior in India?
Increasing access to television and the internet has transformed voter behavior, making voters more informed and sometimes more polarized, with campaigns now fought on social media platforms.
161
What trends are emerging in youth participation in Indian elections?
The large youth demographic is increasingly issue-based in its voting behavior, focusing on education, job prospects, and digital innovation.
162
What is the urban vs rural divide in voting behavior in India?
Urban voters prioritize governance quality and economic policies over traditional caste and religious lines, while rural areas still see these traditional factors as influential.
163
What is the role of caste in Indian elections?
Caste is a pivotal determinant in Indian elections, shaping both party strategies and voter alliances, reflecting deep-seated social structures.
164
How does religion influence voter mobilization in India?
Religion plays a significant role in mobilizing voters, with communal identities leveraged by parties like the BJP to consolidate majoritarian sentiments.
165
What economic issues are influencing the 2024 elections in India?
Economic performance, including recovery post-COVID-19, job creation, and inflation, are major issues influencing electoral outcomes, with voters holding governments accountable for economic growth and stability.
166
How are voters assessing governance and performance in the 2024 elections?
Voters are increasingly evaluating the performance of incumbents in delivering public services and governance, such as the Modi government's handling of the pandemic and its impact on healthcare infrastructure.
167
What is the impact of media and social media on electoral outcomes?
Media, particularly digital campaigns and social media, plays a transformative role in shaping public opinion and electoral outcomes, with parties engaging with voters through platforms like Twitter, WhatsApp, and Facebook.
168
How do regional dynamics affect Indian elections?
Regional issues and politics can overshadow national parties and issues, with regional parties leveraging local issues and regional pride to mobilize voter support against central policies.
169
What is the significance of leadership and charisma in elections?
Charismatic leadership can shape electoral outcomes, where personal appeal transcends party lines and ideological divides, exemplified by Narendra Modi's image as a strong leader in the BJP's campaign.
170
How do policy initiatives and welfare schemes influence voter groups?
Targeted policy initiatives and welfare schemes can significantly sway specific voter groups, especially among economically disadvantaged populations, such as the expansion of the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi.
171
What is the significance of economic recovery in the context of the 2024 Lok Sabha elections?
Economic recovery post-pandemic and job creation are crucial issues that parties are expected to focus on in their campaigns for the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.
172
How did the socio-economic profile of the Indian legislature evolve in Phase One (Until 1967)?
In Phase One, the Indian Parliament was predominantly composed of upper castes, particularly Brahmins, with underrepresentation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, and minorities. MPs were typically well-educated, often with foreign degrees, and had backgrounds in law or agriculture.
173
What characterized Phase Two (1967 - 1989) of the socio-economic profile of the Indian legislature?
Phase Two saw the first democratic upsurge, increasing representation from Other Backward Classes (OBCs) due to the Green Revolution and the rise of regional parties. The educational profile shifted towards more indigenous education, and more MPs entered politics as a full-time profession.
174
What is meant by 'plebeianization' in the context of the Indian legislature's evolution?
'Plebeianization' refers to the trend in Phase Three (from 1989 to present) of increasing representation from OBCs and introducing more MPs with backgrounds in agriculture and social work, reflecting a broader societal change and deepening of democracy.
175
What role do welfare schemes like PM-KISAN and Ayushman Bharat play in the upcoming elections?
Welfare schemes like PM-KISAN and Ayushman Bharat are significant as voters evaluate the incumbent government's performance on these social policies, which are likely to influence voter behavior in the 2024 elections.
176
What is the trend in gender representation in the 17th Lok Sabha?
The 17th Lok Sabha saw a slight increase in female MPs, with 78 women elected, accounting for 14% of the total, marking a gradual improvement from earlier assemblies but still lower than global standards.
177
What demographic changes were observed in the 17th Lok Sabha regarding age and new members?
The 17th Lok Sabha has a relatively younger profile compared to previous ones, with 12% of MPs below the age of 40 and includes 267 first-time MPs, indicating a significant infusion of new blood into the parliamentary system.
178
What challenges does the 17th Lok Sabha face regarding criminal charges among MPs?
A significant number of MPs, about 43%, have declared criminal charges against them, a figure that has been rising over the years, indicating a concerning trend in the integrity of parliamentary representation.
179
How has the use of technology impacted the functioning of the 17th Lok Sabha?
The 17th Lok Sabha has maximized the use of digital technology, moving towards a paperless environment, with over 97% of question notices being submitted through electronic mediums.
180
What is the significance of the legislative productivity of the 17th Lok Sabha?
The 17th Lok Sabha has been noted for its high productivity with a commendable work rate, passing significant bills such as the J&K Reorganisation Bill, 2019, and the Women's Reservation Bill, 2023, although there is a noted decrease in the referral of bills to Parliamentary Standing Committees.
