4. Principal Organs of the Union Government Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
What is the role of the President of India during a minority government?
A
The role of the President of India becomes more significant during a minority government as the President may need to exercise discretion in appointing the Prime Minister and ensuring the stability of the government.
2
Q
What is the thrust of government towards executive power in contemporary Indian Politics?
A
The thrust of government has tilted towards executive power in contemporary Indian Politics, indicating a concentration of authority and decision-making within the executive branch, often at the expense of legislative oversight.
3
Q
What is the significance of the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) in India?
A
The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) has emerged as the most powerful institution in India, playing a crucial role in policy formulation, coordination among ministries, and serving as the primary advisory body to the Prime Minister.
4
Q
What are the characteristics of the electoral college for the President of India?
A
The electoral college for the President of India consists of elected members of both houses of Parliament and elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of States and Union territories, ensuring a representative selection process.
5
Q
What is the difference between parliamentary supremacy and parliamentary sovereignty?
A
Parliamentary supremacy refers to the absolute authority of Parliament to make or unmake any law, while parliamentary sovereignty implies that Parliament’s power is limited by the Constitution, which it cannot alter at will.
6
Q
What are the discretionary powers of the governor in Indian politics?
A
The discretionary powers of the governor in Indian politics include the ability to appoint the Chief Minister, dissolve the Legislative Assembly, and act in situations where the government is in a state of crisis or instability.
7
Q
What is the role of the Speaker in the Lok Sabha?
A
The Speaker represents the freedom and dignity of the House, ensuring orderly conduct of business, maintaining decorum, and acting as a neutral arbiter in parliamentary proceedings.
8
Q
What is the significance of the Legislative Council in India?
A
The Legislative Council is often viewed as a house without effective powers, serving primarily as a revising chamber without substantial legislative authority compared to the Lok Sabha.
9
Q
What are the implications of the decline of the Indian Parliament?
A
The decline of the Indian Parliament has significant implications for democracy, including reduced legislative scrutiny, diminished public trust, and challenges to the accountability of the executive branch.
10
Q
What is Executive Accountability in the parliamentary form of government?
A
Executive Accountability refers to the principle that the executive, including the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, is accountable to the Parliament and remains in power as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Parliament.
11
Q
What does ‘Primus inter pares’ mean in the context of the Prime Minister’s role?
A
‘Primus inter pares’ translates to ‘first among equals,’ emphasizing that the Prime Minister leads the government as the first among their ministerial peers.
12
Q
What is the Cabinet System in the parliamentary form of government?
A
The Cabinet System, also known as the parliamentary system, is characterized by the cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister, serving as the nucleus of power and decision-making in the government.
13
Q
Why did India opt for a parliamentary form of government?
A
India opted for a parliamentary form of government due to historical and colonial influences, the desire to avoid centralization of power, cultural and ideological reasons, democratic and inclusive governance, practical considerations, and the need for leadership and consensus building.
14
Q
What criticism did Rajni Kothari have regarding the Indian parliamentary system?
A
Rajni Kothari criticized the Indian parliamentary system for its party-centric nature, arguing that the dominance of political parties often undermined individual legislators’ ability to effectively represent their constituents.
15
Q
What concerns did Atul Kohli raise about regionalism in the Indian parliamentary system?
A
Atul Kohli raised concerns that regional parties, driven by local interests, could obstruct effective governance at the national level, highlighting the challenges of balancing regional and national priorities.
16
Q
What did Yogendra Yadav highlight about coalition governments in India?
A
Yogendra Yadav highlighted that coalition governments, while reflecting India’s diverse political landscape, often lead to policy compromises and political instability.
17
Q
What argument did Milan Vaishnav make regarding accountability in the parliamentary system?
A
Milan Vaishnav argued that the parliamentary system has struggled to hold politicians accountable for unethical behavior, allowing those with political influence to escape punishment.
18
Q
What phenomenon did Christophe Jaffrelot examine in Indian politics?
A
Christophe Jaffrelot examined the prevalence of dynastic politics in India, where political power is often concentrated within certain families, limiting political competition and opportunities for new leaders to emerge.
19
Q
What concern did Pratap Bhanu Mehta raise about the opposition in the parliamentary system?
A
Pratap Bhanu Mehta argued that a weak opposition could result in limited checks and balances within the parliamentary system.
20
Q
What is the Diversity Challenge in the context of India’s parliamentary system?
A
India’s diverse society poses challenges for parliamentary systems in effectively managing linguistic, ethnic, and religious differences.
21
Q
What concerns do Western scholars have regarding Multi-Party Instability in India?
A
India’s multi-party system may lead to unstable coalition governments, hindering effective governance and raising doubts about stable leadership.
22
Q
How does India’s federal structure present challenges for the parliamentary system?
A
Balancing central and state powers in India’s federal structure presents challenges for the parliamentary system, with effectiveness questioned.
23
Q
What impact do traditional hierarchies have on parliamentary democracy in India?
A
Concerns exist about traditional hierarchies affecting the functioning of parliamentary democracy in India.
24
Q
What are the hurdles posed by poverty and illiteracy in India’s electoral process?
A
Poverty and low literacy rates are potential obstacles, with doubts about the electorate’s ability to make informed political choices.
25
What doubts arise from India's post-colonial transition regarding democratic stability?
The transition from colonial rule raises doubts about the stability of democratic institutions in a diverse post-colonial India.
26
Why are Western scholars skeptical about India's inexperienced democratic traditions?
India's lack of experience with a modern democratic tradition raises skepticism about the effective functioning of parliamentary democracy.
27
What apprehensions do Western scholars have about political parties in India?
Western scholars express wariness about the role and influence of political parties in India, seeing them as potential sources of instability and challenges to the democratic process.
28
What characterized Phase 1 of the functioning of Parliament until the 1960s?
Phase 1 was characterized by stability and dominance under Congress and Nehru, fostering effective decision-making and a shared vision of nation-building.
29
What challenges did Parliament face during Phase 2 from the 1960s to 1980s?
Phase 2 saw disillusionment, loss of legitimacy, and the rise of movements and regional politics, exacerbated by geopolitical challenges and the Emergency.
30
What is the significance of the Rajya Sabha in the Indian parliamentary system?
The Rajya Sabha represents states, ensuring a voice for diverse regional interests in legislation, reviews and amends bills, acts as a check on hurried legislation, provides stability as a permanent body, facilitates in-depth discussions, contributes to political stability, and shares equal power with the Lok Sabha in initiating and approving constitutional amendments.
31
What were the main concerns raised against the establishment of the Rajya Sabha during the Constituent Assembly debates?
Concerns included overrepresentation overshadowing the Lok Sabha, financial burden of maintaining a second house, potential legislative deadlocks, duplication of functions, and the debate between federal versus unitary governance models.
32
Who were some notable opponents of the Rajya Sabha during the Constituent Assembly debates?
Notable opponents included Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, K. T. Shah, and Mahavir Tyagi, who raised concerns about duplication of functions and the necessity of an upper house.
33
How does the Rajya Sabha contribute to checks and balances in the legislative process?
The Rajya Sabha acts as a check on hurried legislation by ensuring that experienced members review and discuss bills, promoting informed decision-making.
34
What role does the Rajya Sabha play during political instability in India?
The Rajya Sabha gains significance during political instability by contributing to stable governance and providing a platform for experienced politicians to engage in legislative processes.
35
What are the Special Powers of the Rajya Sabha?
The Rajya Sabha can legislate on State List subjects and create new All-India Services, demonstrating unique legislative authority.
36
What is the Emergency Role of the Rajya Sabha?
The Rajya Sabha operates during emergencies, ensuring legislative functions even when the Lok Sabha may be incapacitated.
37
What are the issues related to Indirect Election and Representation in the Rajya Sabha?
Critics argue that members being elected indirectly by state legislatures leads to a lack of direct public accountability and may prioritize party interests over regional concerns.
38
How does Party Politics affect the Rajya Sabha?
The Rajya Sabha is susceptible to party politics, often used by major parties to manipulate legislative processes to suit their political agendas.
39
What are the criticisms regarding the Nomination of Members in the Rajya Sabha?
The President's nomination of members is sometimes criticized for favoring political loyalists over genuine experts, undermining the house's intent to include varied expertise.
40
What is the significance of Deadlock between Houses in the Rajya Sabha?
The Rajya Sabha can delay but not indefinitely block most legislation, leading to legislative deadlocks, particularly when different parties control the two houses.
41
What is the Limited Power of the Rajya Sabha over Financial Legislation?
The Rajya Sabha has a limited role in money bills, which are primarily the Lok Sabha's domain, reducing its influence in financial legislation.
42
What are the concerns regarding the Misuse of Ordinances in relation to the Rajya Sabha?
Instances of the executive bypassing the Rajya Sabha through ordinances, especially amid anticipated opposition, highlight a potential misuse of executive powers.
43
What reforms were suggested by the Sarkaria Commission for the Rajya Sabha?
The Sarkaria Commission recommended that Rajya Sabha members represent diverse sections, including SCs, STs, and women.
44
What is the proposal of the Venkatachaliah Commission regarding the Rajya Sabha?
The Venkatachaliah Commission proposed direct election of Rajya Sabha members by the people for increased accountability.
45
What did the Punchhi Commission suggest regarding the nomination quota in the Rajya Sabha?
The Punchhi Commission suggested reducing nominated members in favor of elected ones.
46
What are the recommendations for stronger Anti-Defection Laws in the Rajya Sabha?
Committees recommend stronger anti-defection laws to ensure stable and accountable governance.
47
What does the Election Commission suggest for transparency in Rajya Sabha elections?
The Election Commission suggests increased transparency and ethical standards in Rajya Sabha elections.
48
What is the proposed clarification of roles for the Rajya Sabha?
Committees propose clarifying Rajya Sabha's role, especially as a revising chamber for bills.
49
What election reforms does the Law Commission recommend for the Rajya Sabha?
The Law Commission recommends reforms like proportional representation and a single transferable vote for Rajya Sabha elections.
50
What is the role of the Speaker in the Lok Sabha?
The Speaker oversees Lok Sabha sessions, maintaining order and ensuring parliamentary rules are followed.
51
What is the principle of Neutrality for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
The Speaker remains impartial, abstaining from debates and voting only in tie-breaking situations.
52
What is a Casting Vote in the context of the Speaker's role?
A Casting Vote is held by the Speaker to break ties in case of evenly divided votes in the Lok Sabha.
53
What authority does the Speaker have regarding summoning sessions of the Lok Sabha?
The Speaker has the authority to summon sessions of the Lok Sabha, which typically start with the President's address to the joint sitting of both houses of Parliament.
54
How does the Speaker maintain order in the Lok Sabha?
The Speaker maintains order by reprimanding or taking disciplinary actions against members who disrupt proceedings or engage in misconduct.
55
What is the Speaker's responsibility regarding the categorization of bills?
The Speaker is responsible for determining whether a bill is a money bill or not, and their decision on this matter is final.
56
What role does the Speaker play in referring bills to committees?
The Speaker has the authority to refer bills, especially complex or contentious ones, to various parliamentary committees for in-depth examination.
57
What is the significance of the Question Hour conducted by the Speaker?
The Question Hour is significant as it allows members to ask questions of government ministers, seeking clarifications and information on various issues, and the Speaker ensures it proceeds smoothly.
58
What is the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in Kihoto Hollohan vs. Zachillhu (1992) regarding the Speaker's powers?
The Supreme Court established its authority to review the Speaker's decisions on disqualification under the Tenth Schedule, ensuring oversight without undermining the Speaker's role, limited to cases of violating natural justice, mala fide, or exceeding powers.
59
What are the implications of the Supreme Court's decision in the Arunachal Pradesh Speaker Nabam Rebia case (2016)?
The decision emphasized the need for the Speaker's impartiality, highlighting the importance of neutrality in ensuring a fair legislative process.
60
What are collective privileges in the context of the Indian Parliament?
Collective privileges are distinctive rights, immunities, and exceptions enjoyed by the entire house for smooth legislative functioning, derived from Article 105 of the Indian Constitution.
61
What are individual privileges of legislators as per the Indian Constitution?
Individual privileges are rights and immunities conferred by Article 105 and Article 194, allowing legislators to perform their duties without impediment, including freedom of speech and immunity from arrest during sessions.
62
How has partisan behavior affected the Speaker's role in the Indian Parliament?
Partisan behavior has led to accusations of bias towards the ruling party, undermining the Speaker's impartiality and affecting confidence among opposition parties, resulting in frequent parliamentary disruptions.
63
What concerns have arisen from the misuse of the 10th Schedule powers by the Speaker?
Concerns have been raised about the Speaker misusing powers under the 10th Schedule, particularly in disqualifying MLAs during political crises, as seen in Maharashtra (2022).
64
What is the source of privileges for legislators in India?
The source of privileges for legislators in India is rooted in explicit provisions of the Indian Constitution, which protect legislators' independence and facilitate democratic functioning.
65
What constitutes a breach of privilege in the context of parliamentary democracy?
A breach of privilege occurs when rights are violated, such as obstructing duties, baseless criticism, or impeding free speech, which is essential for effective parliamentary democracy.
66
What is the Anti-Defection Law in India?
The Anti-Defection Law, enshrined in the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, was introduced to combat the issue of legislators frequently changing their political loyalties and creating instability in the government.
67
What are the grounds for disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law as per the 52nd Amendment?
The grounds for disqualification include voluntarily giving up membership, voting against the party's whip, and joining another party.
68
What exceptions exist under the Anti-Defection Law regarding party splits and mergers?
Exceptions include no defection if one-third of legislators form a separate group due to a party split, and no defection if two-thirds of legislators merge with another party.
69
What changes were made to the Anti-Defection Law by the 91st Amendment in 2003?
The 91st Amendment clarified the merger provision, removed the Speaker's role in disqualification decisions, established a three-month limit for decisions, and empowered the Election Commission for impartial disqualification decisions.
70
What support exists for the Anti-Defection Law from legal experts?
Support for the Anti-Defection Law includes arguments from K. R. Venugopal, who believes it maintains public faith in the political system, and Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap, who sees it as a tool for party discipline.
71
What criticism has been directed at the Anti-Defection Law?
Criticism of the Anti-Defection Law includes concerns from Fali S. Nariman, who argues that it infringes on legislators' rights to express their opinions and reduces their freedom.
72
What is the Anti-Defection Law and its implications for legislators?
The Anti-Defection Law is a legal framework in India that restricts legislators from defecting from their political parties.
73
What is the Anti-Defection Law and its implications for legislators?
The Anti-Defection Law is a legal framework in India that restricts legislators from defecting from their political parties. It has been criticized for turning legislators into mere voting machines for their parties, stifling dissent and debate, and limiting their ability to vote according to their conscience on public interest issues.
74
What concerns did Justice J. S. Verma raise regarding the Anti-Defection Law?
Justice J. S. Verma expressed concerns about the misuse of the Anti-Defection Law, arguing that it should not be used to suppress dissent within political parties.
75
What reform proposals did Dr. N. R. Madhava Menon suggest for the Anti-Defection Law?
Dr. N. R. Madhava Menon proposed that the Anti-Defection Law should not apply to issues of conscience and that defection should only be permitted in cases of a party's formal division.
76
What was the recommendation of the Sarkaria Commission regarding disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law?
The Sarkaria Commission recommended that disqualification should only occur if a legislator voluntarily gives up party membership during confidence or no-confidence motions.
77
How does the opposition contribute to government accountability in India?
The opposition plays a crucial role in scrutinizing government policies and actions, ensuring they align with national interests and legal frameworks, thereby contributing to government accountability.
78
What is the role of the opposition in preventing authoritarianism in a parliamentary democracy?
The opposition acts as a check on government power, preventing authoritarian tendencies and maintaining a balance of power within the political system.
79
How does the opposition influence government policy in India?
The opposition influences government policy through parliamentary debates, lobbying, and mobilizing public opinion, contributing to shaping the national discourse.
80
What is the role of Public Awareness in informing citizens about government actions?
Public Awareness plays a vital role in informing the public about government actions and their implications, fostering an informed citizenry.
81
What is the significance of Question Hour in the context of opposition control?
Question Hour allows opposition members to oppose government ministers by asking questions, seeking clarifications, and explanations on various issues.
82
How do Debates and Discussions contribute to the opposition's role in Parliament?
Debates and Discussions allow opposition members to actively participate in parliamentary debates to express views, raise concerns, and criticize government policies.
83
What are the implications of Obstructionist Tactics by the opposition in Parliament?
Obstructionist Tactics, such as walkouts and disruptions, impede the legislative process, affecting productive use of parliamentary time.
84
How does the overuse of Parliamentary Instruments like adjournment motions affect legislative processes?
The overuse of tools like adjournment motions can contribute to legislative gridlock, impacting the efficiency of parliamentary proceedings.
85
What is the importance of Parliamentary Committees in the legislative process?
Parliamentary Committees enable in-depth analysis of proposed laws, ensuring thorough examination of every bill despite the large volume of legislative work.
86
What challenges do Parliamentary Committees face regarding bill referrals?
There is a trend of declining bill referrals to committees, with only 27% in the 16th Lok Sabha compared to 71% in the 15th Lok Sabha, potentially leading to insufficient scrutiny.
87
What is the role of committees in ensuring Executive Accountability?
Committees like the Public Accounts Committee scrutinize public spending and laws, holding the executive accountable for its actions and decisions.
88
What does the term 'Decline of Parliament' refer to?
The decline of parliament refers to the decline in the institutional capacity and the role of the parliament as a representative body to fulfill the interests and aspirations of different sections of society, as well as the erosion of democratic ethos, characterized by a decrease in debates, discussions, and deliberations necessary for effective law-making.
89
How does 'Executive Dominance' affect parliamentary independence?
Executive dominance refers to the control the executive branch has over the legislative agenda, which limits the independence of parliamentarians and can lead to the swift passage of bills without adequate debate, undermining the parliamentary process.
90
What are the implications of 'Reduced Committee Effectiveness' in Parliament?
Reduced committee effectiveness occurs due to political interference and lack of resources, which limits the committees' impact on policy decisions and hinders their ability to function effectively within the legislative framework.
91
What is the significance of 'Party Discipline' in the context of parliamentary representation?
Party discipline, enforced through a strict party whip system, compromises Members of Parliament's (MPs) ability to vote based on their individual convictions, which can lead to a lack of true representation of diverse views within the Parliament.
92
How does 'Dynastic Politics' affect diversity in Parliament?
Dynastic politics concentrates power within certain families or groups, potentially limiting the diversity of voices and perspectives represented in Parliament, as seen with the influence of the Nehru-Gandhi family.
93
What is the impact of 'Public Perception and Trust' on parliamentary integrity?
Public perception and trust are crucial for the integrity of parliamentary proceedings; instances like the cash-for-vote scandal erode this trust, leading to disillusionment with democratic institutions.
94
What does Pratap Bhanu Mehta suggest about the erosion of democratic values?
Pratap Bhanu Mehta suggests that a weakened Parliament erodes the essence of democratic governance, undermining the foundational values that support a healthy democracy.
95
What are the potential consequences of a declining Parliament according to Shiv Visvanathan?
Shiv Visvanathan argues that a declining Parliament may create a power vacuum, allowing authoritarian tendencies to flourish, which poses a significant threat to the democratic fabric of society.
96
What is the significance of the decline in parliamentary sittings in India?
The decline in parliamentary sittings, from an average of 127 days in the 1950s to only 70 days in the last decade, reduces the time available for crucial debates and deliberations in Parliament, raising concerns about its effectiveness.
97
What are the implications of low attendance in the Lok Sabha?
Low attendance in the Lok Sabha, with only seven members having 100% attendance, raises questions about the effectiveness of parliamentary sessions and the commitment of MPs to their legislative duties.
98
How has the role of parliamentary committees changed from the 15th to the 16th Lok Sabha?
In the 16th Lok Sabha, only 26% of bills were referred to committees, a significant decline from 71% in the 15th Lok Sabha, impacting the scrutiny of key legislation and civil liberties.
99
What trend is observed regarding interruptions and adjournments in the Lok Sabha?
The time lost due to interruptions and adjournments rose from 5.28% in the 11th Lok Sabha to 41.6% during the 16th Lok Sabha, raising concerns about the smooth functioning and productivity of parliamentary sessions.
100
What is the concern regarding the Rajya Sabha's role in the legislative process?
The marginalized role of the Rajya Sabha, exemplified by labeling bills as money bills to bypass its scrutiny, challenges the checks and balances intended by the bicameral system.
101
What does the legislative efficiency in the 16th Lok Sabha indicate?
The passage of 240 out of 273 bills in the 16th Lok Sabha reflects legislative efficiency and the Parliament's commitment to addressing diverse issues, despite concerns about its decline.
102
How did MPs engage in parliamentary proceedings during the 16th Lok Sabha?
During the 16th Lok Sabha, an average of 562 MPs asked 251 questions and attended 221 out of 312 sittings, indicating active engagement in parliamentary proceedings.
103
What topics did MPs focus on during the 16th Lok Sabha?
MPs raised questions on critical socio-economic concerns, including farmers' suicides, and addressed a range of subjects such as finance, health, family welfare, and railways, indicating a comprehensive legislative agenda.
104
What does the attendance metric in the 16th Lok Sabha suggest about MPs' participation?
The average attendance of 81% in the Lok Sabha and 80% in the Rajya Sabha suggests a high level of commitment and active participation of members in parliamentary proceedings.
105
How does age influence participation in parliamentary discourse?
MPs in the age group of 40-55 asked 242 questions, while those above 70 years asked 133 questions, indicating that diverse age groups contribute to parliamentary discourse, ensuring a broad spectrum of perspectives.
106
What is the suggestion by Pratap Bhanu Mehta for better functioning of Parliament?
Strengthen parliamentary committees by providing them with more resources and authority to enhance their effectiveness in scrutinizing legislation and government actions.
107
What does Zoya Hasan suggest to improve parliamentary debates?
Foster a culture of constructive and informed debates within Parliament.
108
What reform does Upendra Baxi propose regarding the party whip system?
Evaluate and reform the party whip system to allow more individual decision-making by parliamentarians.
109
What is Shiv Visvanathan's recommendation for inclusivity in Parliament?
Address the underrepresentation of certain groups, including women and marginalized communities, to ensure diverse voices and perspectives are heard.
110
What initiative does Yogendra Yadav suggest to enhance public engagement with Parliament?
Initiate programs to enhance public awareness about parliamentary proceedings to encourage active participation in democracy.
111
What does Jagdeep Chhokar propose regarding electoral funding?
Reform electoral funding to enhance transparency and reduce the influence of money in politics, promoting fair and accountable political processes.
112
What technological advancement does the Committee on Information Technology suggest for Parliament?
Leverage technology for a digital transformation of parliamentary processes to enhance communication, accessibility, and efficiency.
113
What measures does the Committee on Ethics recommend for parliamentarians?
Enforce stringent measures to maintain ethical standards and professionalism among parliamentarians to uphold public trust and integrity.
114
What does Arvind Virmani emphasize regarding legislation?
The importance of timely legislation for effective governance.
115
What does the changing profile of parliamentarians reflect about society?
The changing profile of parliamentarians serves as a mirror of society, helping to understand the direction of social change and the nature of democracy.
116
What characterized the caste composition of Parliament until 1967?
A dominance of Brahmins in Parliament, with underrepresentation of OBCs, women, and minorities.
117
What was the most common profession among MPs in the first phase until 1967?
The most common profession among MPs was law, followed by agriculture.
118
What significant change occurred in the second phase of parliamentarians from 1967 to 1989?
There was a rise in the representation of intermediate castes, particularly OBCs, due to various socio-political factors.
119
What trend was observed regarding the educational background of MPs during the second phase?
The number of graduates from foreign universities declined during this phase.
120
What is the significance of the 'criminalization of Indian politics'?
The 'criminalization of Indian politics' refers to the notable presence of individuals with criminal backgrounds in politics, which has increased since the 1990s, impacting the integrity and public perception of political institutions.
121
What does Article 168 of the Indian Constitution establish regarding state legislatures?
Article 168 establishes the State Legislature in India, which may be unicameral or bicameral, providing the framework for its organization and functioning.
122
What is the role of State Legislative Councils as outlined in Article 171?
Article 171 caps the strength of the State Legislative Councils at one-third of the Legislative Assembly's membership, ensuring diverse representation and expertise in the legislative process.
123
What are the educational trends observed in the profile of parliamentarians in the 17th Lok Sabha?
In the 17th Lok Sabha, a significant majority of MPs were graduates (around 72%), with approximately 29% holding postgraduate qualifications, indicating an increase in educational qualifications among parliamentarians.
124
What is the average age and women representation in the 17th Lok Sabha?
The average age of MPs in the 17th Lok Sabha was around 54 years, and the representation of women MPs increased to 14%, the highest in the history of the Indian Parliament, accounting for 78 women out of 543.
125
What is the need for legislative councils in states?
Legislative councils are needed for diverse representation, including professionals and academics, and for ensuring detailed review and refinement of legislation, enhancing the legislative process.
126
What are Checks and Balances in the context of State Legislative Councils?
Checks and Balances provide oversight against rushed decisions by the lower house.
127
What is the role of State Legislative Councils in Accommodating Non-Electoral Talent?
State Legislative Councils provide representation for individuals with significant contributions in various fields who are not inclined towards electoral politics.
128
How do State Legislative Councils assist in Workload Management?
Councils help legislative assemblies manage their heavy workload by sharing legislative responsibilities.
129
What is the significance of State Legislative Councils in Preventing Autocracy?
They act as a safeguard against any autocratic tendencies in the lower house.
130
What is a criticism regarding the Limited Powers of State Legislative Councils?
They are perceived as having limited influence, especially in financial matters, with only a brief power to delay money bills.
131
What concern is raised about Vested Interests in State Legislative Councils?
There is a concern that these Councils may serve as bastions for vested interests, hindering progressive legislation from the more representative lower houses.
132
Why are State Legislative Councils viewed as a Political Shelter?
They are sometimes seen as a refuge for politicians who lose elections, offering a backdoor return to power.
133
What is the Financial Burden associated with State Legislative Councils?
Maintaining bicameral legislatures in states is viewed as costly, particularly for financially weaker states.
134
What does the Utility in Doubt criticism imply about State Legislative Councils?
Some states have abolished their Councils, casting doubt on their usefulness, and the constitutional provision for their abolition further underlines these doubts.
135
What are the similarities between Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils?
Both serve as upper houses in bicameral legislatures at different levels, are elected indirectly, are permanent bodies, and have special responsibilities representing interests.
136
What is a key difference in Powers and Functions between Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils?
The Rajya Sabha has broader legislative and financial powers compared to State Legislative Councils.
137
How does the Composition differ between Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils?
Rajya Sabha's membership is fixed, while Legislative Councils' membership varies based on the state assembly's size.
138
What role does the Rajya Sabha play in Constitutional Amendments that State Legislative Councils do not?
The Rajya Sabha plays a key role in constitutional amendments, unlike Legislative Councils.
139
What is the difference in Creation and Abolition between Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils?
The Rajya Sabha is a permanent constitutional body, while Legislative Councils can be created or abolished.
140
What is the tenure of members in Rajya Sabha compared to State Legislative Councils?
Both have six-year terms, but the terms for Legislative Council members can vary.
141
How does Representation differ between Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils?
Rajya Sabha represents states and Union Territories, while Legislative Councils have more localized representation.
142
What is the composition of the Union Executive in India?
The Union Executive includes the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers.
143
What are the constitutional provisions regarding the Union Executive in India?
The constitutional provisions regarding the Union Executive are primarily found in Part V of the Constitution of India, encompassing Articles 52 to 78, which outline the structure, powers, functions, and responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers.
144
What is the trend of centralization of power in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO)?
The trend of power increasingly centralizing in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) has been noted by scholars, indicating that the PMO overshadows traditional ministerial roles and processes.
145
How does the use of ordinances signify a shift towards executive dominance?
The growing use of ordinances as a legislative tool signifies a shift towards executive dominance, allowing for law-making without parliamentary debate or approval, as pointed out by scholars.
146
What indicates the diminished role of Parliament in the legislative process?
The reduction in parliamentary scrutiny and debate on key legislations, with bills often not being referred to committees, indicates an increasing executive influence over the legislative process.
147
How does the executive control the bureaucracy in India?
The executive controls the bureaucracy in India through appointments, oversight, and policy direction, influencing the implementation of laws and governance.
148
How does the executive control the bureaucracy in India?
The executive's strong hold over the bureaucracy, including strategic appointments, centralizes power within the executive branch, as observed by political analysts.
149
What is the significance of the PMO in policy implementation and oversight?
The PMO's oversight in policy implementation is evident in its management of initiatives like the Aadhaar project and the COVID-19 vaccine rollout, ensuring direct control over critical programs.
150
How does the PMO influence international relations?
The PMO's role in foreign policy is significant, with Prime Minister Modi's direct involvement in international forums like the BRICS and G20 summits, highlighting its influence in bilateral relations.
151
What role does the PMO play in crisis management?
The PMO's central role in crisis management was particularly visible during the COVID-19 pandemic, where it led the response strategy and coordinated efforts.
152
What is the constitutional position of the President of India as the Head of State?
The President is the ceremonial head of state, symbolizing the unity and integrity of the nation as per Article 52.
153
What are the executive powers of the President of India according to Article 53?
The President exercises executive powers of the Union, but these powers are to be exercised in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers as per Article 74.
154
What legislative powers does the President of India hold regarding the Lok Sabha?
The President has the power to summon and prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha as per Article 85.
155
What are the judicial powers of the President of India as outlined in Articles 124-147?
The President appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and has the power to grant pardons and reprieves as per Article 72.
156
What is the nature of the President's role in India?
The actual role of the President is largely ceremonial, with real executive power residing with the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
157
What is the significance of the President's role during a political crisis?
The President's role is crucial during a political crisis, such as the imposition of President's Rule in a state or declaring a national emergency, where they exercise discretionary powers.
158
What is the controversy surrounding the position of the President of India?
The role and powers of the President of India have been a subject of debate and controversy regarding their actual influence and authority in the political system.
159
What are the discretionary powers of the President of India?
The discretionary powers of the President of India include the ability to impose President's Rule in states under Article 356, grant pardons, reprieves, and remissions, dissolve the Lok Sabha, and appoint the Prime Minister in situations without a clear majority.
160
What is the significance of Article 74 in the context of the President's role?
Article 74 outlines that the President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, which has led to debates regarding the interpretation of 'aid and advice' and the circumstances under which the President may exercise discretion.
161
How does presidential activism challenge traditional constitutional roles?
Presidential activism challenges traditional constitutional roles by allowing the President to take an active role beyond their ceremonial duties, which can spark debates on the balance of power and the implications for governance.
162
What was a notable instance of presidential activism in India?
A notable instance of presidential activism was during the tenure of President Giani Zail Singh, who took an assertive stance during Operation Blue Star in 1984, showcasing a departure from the conventional ceremonial role of the President.
163
What are the implications of the President's role in appointing the Prime Minister?
The President's role in appointing the Prime Minister, especially in situations without a clear majority, is crucial as it can shape the government and influence political stability.
164
What is the concept of co-habitation in Indian politics?
Co-habitation refers to a scenario where the President of India and the Prime Minister come from different political parties, leading to a potential mismatch in their political ideologies.
165
What is the significance of the indirect election of the President of India?
Indirect election was adopted to maintain harmony with the parliamentary system, as the President is a nominal executive and direct election could lead to conflicts with the Prime Minister. Additionally, direct elections are costly and time-consuming for a nominal post.
166
What are the executive powers of the President of India?
The executive powers include carrying out all executive actions in the President's name, making rules for the Union government's business, appointing key positions, and declaring scheduled areas under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution.
167
What legislative powers does the President of India hold?
The legislative powers include summoning and proroguing Parliament, giving assent to bills, promulgating ordinances during recess, and making regulations for Union Territories.
168
What are the financial powers of the President of India?
The financial powers include requiring prior permission for introducing money bills and laying the Union budget in Parliament.
169
What judicial powers does the President of India possess?
The judicial powers include appointing judges to High Courts and the Supreme Court, seeking advice from the Supreme Court on public matters, and granting pardons, reprieves, and respites.
170
What is the role of the President in international representation?
The President signs international treaties and agreements in the President's name, representing India in global forums.
171
What are the military powers of the President of India?
The President holds the position of the Supreme Commander of the defense forces and has the authority to declare war or conclude peace, subject to approval by Parliament.
172
What is a National Emergency as per Article 352?
A National Emergency can be imposed in the event of a grave threat to India's security, such as war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
173
What is the ordinance-making power of the President under Article 123?
Article 123 empowers the President to promulgate ordinances in unforeseen circumstances during the recess of Parliament, similar to the powers granted to Governors under Article 213.
174
What are the key features of ordinances issued by the President?
Ordinances can only be issued on matters where Parliament has legislative competence and are temporary laws that need parliamentary approval within six weeks of the reassembly.
175
What are the issues associated with the ordinance-making power of the President?
Issues include bypassing legislative scrutiny, temporary legislation becoming long-term, lack of accountability, and potential overreach of executive power.
176
What was the significance of the D.C. Wadhwa vs. State of Bihar case?
The case examined the re-promulgation of ordinances by a state government and emphasized that the power to promulgate ordinances is not a parallel source of lawmaking and should be used sparingly.
177
What did the Supreme Court rule in Krishna Kumar Sings Vs State of Bihar regarding ordinances?
The Supreme Court held that failure to place an ordinance before the legislature was considered an abuse of power and a fraud on the Constitution, allowing the court to inquire into the material behind the ordinance's promulgation.
178
What is the role of the President during coalition or minority government in India?
The President's role includes inviting the leader of the largest party to form the government, exercising discretionary powers in unstable situations, appointing a Prime Minister, assenting to legislation, upholding constitutional values, resolving legislative deadlocks, and managing crises.
179
What are the discretionary powers of the President in a coalition government?
In a coalition government, the President may exercise discretionary powers such as deciding on dissolving the Lok Sabha or calling for elections if the government loses its majority, reflecting the need for stability.
180
What is the significance of the Prime Minister's role in India's parliamentary system?
The Prime Minister acts as the chief executive authority, leads the cabinet, participates in legislation, represents India in foreign affairs, and provides leadership during crises, making the role multifaceted and crucial for governance.
181
How has the role of the Prime Minister evolved in India?
The role of the Prime Minister has evolved from being 'first among equals' during Nehru's era to a more centralized power structure, especially during Indira Gandhi's rule, where it took on features of a presidential form.
182
What is the significance of Article 74 in the context of the Council of Ministers?
Article 74 deals with the status of the council of ministers and specifies the necessity of a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President.
183
What does collective responsibility mean in the context of the Council of Ministers?
Collective responsibility means that the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the lower house of parliament.
184
How does the role of the Cabinet serve as the highest decision-making authority?
The Cabinet is the chief policy formulating body in the politico-administrative system and exercises supreme executive authority over higher appointments and foreign policies.
185
What challenges does a Prime Minister face in building consensus during a coalition government?
In a coalition, the Prime Minister must continuously work to build and maintain consensus among diverse coalition partners, each with its own agenda, priorities, and ideologies.
186
What is the role of the Prime Minister in policy compromises within a coalition government?
The Prime Minister often needs to make compromises to implement their vision, as the government's agenda is typically a mix of the differing ideologies of coalition partners.
187
How does the composition of the cabinet reflect the dynamics of a coalition government?
The composition of the cabinet in a coalition government often accommodates different coalition partners, leading to a larger cabinet with a diverse set of ministers.
188
What is the significance of political stability in coalition governments?
Political stability in coalition governments is crucial as it ensures that the government does not fall apart due to internal disagreements among allied parties. The Prime Minister must manage these dynamics to maintain stability, as exemplified by the fall of the V.P. Singh government in 1990 after just 11 months in office due to such issues.
189
How do regional interests impact coalition governments?
Regional interests can significantly impact coalition governments, as regional parties often prioritize their local demands over national interests. The Prime Minister must balance these regional priorities with national policies, as seen with parties like the Telugu Desam Party influencing national policies during their coalition participation.
190
What challenges does economic policy making face in coalition governments?
Economic policy making in coalition governments can be challenging due to the need for consensus among diverse coalition partners. Significant reforms may be delayed or modified due to opposition from these partners, as experienced during the UPA regime.
191
What are the constitutional provisions regarding the Governor's role in a state?
The Governor serves as the constitutional head of each state, with executive powers exercised directly or through subordinate officers, as outlined in Articles 153 and 154 of the Constitution. They are required to follow the advice of the ministry.
192
What qualifications are required for a Governor as per the Constitution?
According to Article 157 of the Constitution, a Governor must be a citizen of India and at least 35 years old.
193
What was the consensus regarding the appointment of Governors in India?
There was a consensus during the Constituent Assembly debates on appointing a non-political figure as Governor to ensure impartiality and uphold democratic values, avoiding factionalism and ensuring provincial autonomy.
194
What concerns arise regarding the political neutrality of Governors?
Concerns about the political neutrality of Governors arise because their appointments are often perceived as politically motivated, given that they are selected by the President on the advice of the central government, which can lead to allegations of partisanship.
195
What recommendations have been made regarding the role of Governors in India?
Recommendations include consulting with the Chief Minister for appointments, as suggested by the Rajmannar committee, and ensuring that Governors are detached figures without intense political links, as recommended by the Sarkaria Commission, along with clear guidelines for their appointment and removal from the Punchhi Commission.
196
What does Article 156(1) of the Indian Constitution state about the removal of the Governor?
Article 156(1) states that the Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President, meaning there is no fixed tenure and the Governor can be removed at any time by the President.
197
What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the BP Singhal vs Union of India case regarding the removal of a Governor?
The Supreme Court held that the President can remove a governor at any time, but this power should not be exercised in an arbitrary or capricious manner and should be for valid and compelling reasons.
198
What did the Punchhi Commission recommend regarding the removal of Governors?
The Punchhi Commission criticized the use of the pleasure doctrine without appropriate conduct and recommended that governors should be given the right to defend their position.
199
What are the executive powers of the Governor in relation to the Chief Minister?
The Governor appoints the Chief Minister from the majority party in the State Legislative Assembly as per Article 164.
200
What legislative power does the Governor have regarding ordinances?
The Governor can issue ordinances when the legislature is not in session, subject to legislative approval within six weeks as per Article 213.
201
What financial power does the Governor have concerning money bills?
The Governor can introduce money bills in the state legislature with prior recommendation as per Article 207.
202
What judicial power does the Governor hold regarding District Judges?
The Governor is responsible for appointing, posting, and promoting District Judges in consultation with the High Court as per Article 233.
203
What are the Pardoning Powers of the Governor in India?
The Pardoning Powers allow the Governor to pardon, reprieve, respite, or remit punishments as per Article 161.
204
What is the role of the Governor in the appointment of the Chief Minister?
The Governor may appoint the Chief Minister in cases where no party secures a clear majority in the state assembly, based on who is most likely to command a majority (Article 164).
205
Under what circumstances can the Governor dissolve the Legislative Assembly?
The Governor can recommend dissolving the assembly if the current government loses its majority, often following a floor test (Article 174, Article 163).
206
What is the significance of reserving bills for the President's consideration by the Governor?
The Governor can reserve bills that may conflict with central laws or policies for the President's consideration, as per Article 200, ensuring alignment with national interests.
207
What was the ruling in S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) regarding the Governor's powers?
The Supreme Court ruled that the majority of a state government should only be tested on the floor of the assembly, limiting the Governor's power to dismiss a state government based on subjective judgment.
208
What did the Nabam Rebia and Bamang Felix vs Deputy Speaker (2016) case establish about the Governor's discretionary powers?
The court disapproved of the Governor's discretionary powers being used for political purposes, stating that the Governor must act on the advice of the Chief Minister and council of ministers, except in specific scenarios.
209
What did the K. Nagaraj vs Union of India (1985) case emphasize regarding the Governor's discretion?
The Supreme Court emphasized that the Governor's discretion should be rational, in good faith, and cautious, highlighting the importance of reason and constitutional compliance.
210
What accountability measures were highlighted in Rameshwar Prasad & Others vs Union of India (2006) regarding the Governor's actions?
The court observed that the Governor's report for imposing President's Rule could be judicially reviewed if it is mala fide or based on irrelevant considerations, underscoring accountability.
211
What recommendations did the Sarkaria Commission (1988) make regarding the Governor's role?
The Sarkaria Commission proposed transparent guidelines for inviting the leader of the largest party or coalition to form the government and for the dissolution of the assembly.
212
What did the Punchhi Commission (2010) suggest about the use of the Governor's discretionary powers?
The Punchhi Commission called for a clear definition and rare use of the Governor's discretionary powers, emphasizing constitutional trust and morality.
213
What was the focus of the Venkatachaliah Commission (2002) regarding the Governor's tenure?
The Venkatachaliah Commission suggested protecting the Governor's tenure from arbitrary removal by the Centre and stressed the need for non-partisanship and adherence to constitutional norms.
214
What is the role of the Governor according to the Justice R.S. Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State Relations?
The role of the Governor is to act as a link between the Centre and the State, ensuring that the constitutional provisions are upheld and that the state government functions effectively.
215
What does the Punchhi Commission suggest about the use of the Governor's discretionary powers?
The Punchhi Commission called for a clear definition and rare use of the Governor's discretionary powers, emphasizing constitutional trust and morality.
216
What is the role of the Governor according to the Justice R.S. Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State Relations?
The Governor's role should be limited in discretion, advocating for non-political appointments and serving as a bridge between the Centre and states.
217
What did the Supreme Court state in Rameshwar Prasad and Others v. Union of India regarding the Governor's actions?
The Supreme Court observed that the Governor, as the constitutional head of the state, must act according to the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, except in exceptional situations where discretion is exercised.
218
What was emphasized by the Supreme Court in Shiv Kant Shukla v. Union of India about the Governor's role?
The Supreme Court emphasized that the Governor is not an agent of the President and is not bound to act solely on the advice of the Chief Minister, acknowledging the Governor's independent constitutional existence.
219
What did the Supreme Court rule in S.R. Bommai v. Union of India regarding the Governor's discretionary powers?
The Supreme Court held that the Governor can use discretion in situations of political instability, particularly when there is no clear majority or a stable government cannot be formed.
220
What did the Supreme Court state in BP Singhal v. Union of India about the removal of Governors?
The Supreme Court observed that the Governor's removal should not be arbitrary or malafide and should only occur for valid reasons, not merely due to political change.
221
What is the constitutional obligation of the Governor as highlighted in Jagdambika Pal v. Union of India?
The Supreme Court highlighted that the Governor has a constitutional obligation to invite the leader who is most likely to command a majority in the House to form the government.
222
What did the Supreme Court emphasize in Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker regarding the Governor's interference?
The Supreme Court emphasized that the Governor should not interfere in the functioning of the legislative assembly and should act within the constitutional framework.
223
What are the powers and functions of Governors in states as per the Indian Constitution?
Governors act as the constitutional heads of their respective states, required to act on the advice of the Chief Minister and council of ministers, with discretionary powers in specific situations like appointing the Chief Minister in a hung assembly.
224
What is the difference in powers between Governors and Lieutenant Governors in Union Territories?
The powers and functions of Lieutenant Governors are outlined in Articles 239 to 241 of the Constitution, differing from the roles of Governors in states which are detailed in Articles 153 to 167.
225
What are the discretionary powers of the Lieutenant Governor (LG) in Union Territories with a legislature?
In Union Territories with a legislature, such as Delhi and Puducherry, the LG has substantial discretionary powers and plays a more active role in governance, particularly over important subjects like land, police, and public order, as per Article 239AA.
226
How do the powers of Governors in states compare to those of Lieutenant Governors in Union Territories?
Governors in states usually follow the aid and advice of the state government and have limited direct administrative powers, while LGs in Union Territories, especially in places like Delhi, have more direct control over certain administrative domains.
227
What role does the Supreme Court play in clarifying the powers of LGs and Governors?
The Supreme Court interprets constitutional provisions regarding the powers of LGs and Governors, particularly in the context of disputes between the elected government and the LG or Governor, thus clarifying the distinction in their powers.
