8. Federalism Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What are the centralizing tendencies in Indian polity?
A
Centralizing tendencies in Indian polity refer to the practices and policies that strengthen the power of the central government at the expense of state governments, leading to a more unitary form of governance despite the federal structure.
2
Q
What is the composition and function of the Inter-State Council?
A
The Inter-State Council is a constitutional body that facilitates coordination between states and the central government. It is composed of the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers of states, and other members as deemed necessary. Its functions include discussing and recommending policies on matters of common interest.
3
Q
How do regional parties strengthen Indian democracy and the federal system?
A
Regional parties contribute to Indian democracy by representing local interests and diversifying political representation, which enhances the federal system by ensuring that regional voices are heard in the national discourse.
4
Q
What has caused the shift in demands for the creation of new states in India?
A
The shift in demands for the creation of new states in India has been influenced by factors such as ethnic identity, economic disparities, and administrative efficiency, reflecting changing political and social dynamics in different regions.
5
Q
How does the functioning of federalism in India appear unitary in practice?
A
The functioning of federalism in India appears unitary in practice due to the central government’s significant control over state matters, often overriding state authority through constitutional provisions and legislative powers.
6
Q
What mechanisms exist for settling interstate disputes in India?
A
Mechanisms for settling interstate disputes in India include the Inter-State Council, the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction, and various legislative provisions that facilitate negotiation and resolution between states.
7
Q
Why has the Inter-State Council not come of age despite constitutional mandates?
A
The Inter-State Council has not come of age due to lack of political will, insufficient engagement from states, and the dominance of the central government in decision-making processes, limiting its effectiveness.
8
Q
How does the implementation of GST and NEET challenge Indian federalism?
A
The implementation of GST and NEET poses challenges to Indian federalism by centralizing revenue collection and standardizing education policies, which can undermine state autonomy and local governance.
9
Q
Do Lieutenant Governors have more powers than Governors of the States?
A
Lieutenant Governors often have more powers than Governors of the States, particularly in Union Territories, where they can exercise greater control over administration and decision-making without the same level of accountability to an elected assembly.
10
Q
What is asymmetrical federalism in India?
A
Asymmetrical federalism in India refers to the unequal distribution of powers and responsibilities among different states, allowing certain states to have more autonomy or special privileges compared to others, reflecting regional diversity.
11
Q
What does it mean that Indian federation has moved from cooperative to competitive federation?
A
The shift from cooperative to competitive federation in India indicates a transition where states are increasingly competing for resources and political influence, rather than collaborating with the central government, leading to a more fragmented federal structure.
12
Q
What is the significance of Article 368 in relation to the Constitution?
A
Article 368 outlines the procedure for amending the Constitution, but it does not allow Parliament to alter the basic structure or framework of the Constitution, ensuring the preservation of fundamental principles of governance.
13
Q
Why is the distribution of powers between Centre and State required to be re-assessed?
A
The distribution of powers between Centre and State needs re-assessment to address contemporary challenges in governance, ensure equitable resource allocation, and enhance state autonomy in decision-making.
14
Q
What is the role of the Governor in recent times?
A
The role of the Governor in recent times has been contentious, often seen as a representative of the central government, leading to conflicts with state governments and raising questions about the impartiality and effectiveness of their functions.
15
Q
What is cooperative federalism in India?
A
Cooperative federalism in India refers to a collaborative approach where the central and state governments work together to achieve common goals, sharing responsibilities and resources to address national issues effectively.
16
Q
What are the contested areas in centre-state relations in India?
A
Contested areas in centre-state relations in India include fiscal federalism, law and order, education policies, and resource allocation, often leading to conflicts over jurisdiction and authority.
17
Q
What are the discretionary powers granted to the Governor by the Indian Constitution?
A
The discretionary powers granted to the Governor include the ability to appoint the Chief Minister, dissolve the legislative assembly, and act in situations where the government is in a state of crisis, allowing for significant influence over state governance.
18
Q
How does Indian federalism demonstrate uniqueness according to Granville Austin’s statement?
A
Indian federalism demonstrates uniqueness by maintaining a strong central government while allowing for regional autonomy, challenging the notion that strong central governance leads to weak provincial governments, as seen in the cooperative dynamics of Indian politics.
19
Q
What is the definition of Division of Powers in the context of federalism?
A
Division of Powers refers to the distribution of powers between central and state governments, ensuring that both levels have distinct areas of jurisdiction.
20
Q
What does Constitutional Basis mean in the context of federalism?
A
Constitutional Basis means that the federal system is governed by a written constitution that outlines the powers and responsibilities of different levels of government.
21
Q
What is meant by Autonomy in the context of state governments?
A
Autonomy refers to the ability of state governments to make laws and govern within their own jurisdiction without interference from the central government.
22
Q
What is the significance of Independent Judiciary in federalism?
A
Independent Judiciary is crucial as it resolves disputes between different levels of government and enforces the constitution, maintaining the rule of law.
23
Q
How does Cooperative Federalism function in India?
A
Cooperative Federalism in India functions through collaboration between the central and state governments to address common issues and implement policies effectively.
24
Q
What does the term Strong-Center Aspect refer to in Indian federalism?
A
Strong-Center Aspect refers to the significant powers held by the central government, especially during emergencies, allowing it to act decisively in national crises.
25
What is the role of the Seventh Schedule in the Indian Constitution?
The Seventh Schedule divides powers between the Union and states, categorizing subjects into Union List, State List, and Concurrent List to maintain a balance of authority.
26
What does the term Quasi-Federal mean in the context of Indian federalism?
Quasi-Federal refers to a system that exhibits both federal and unitary characteristics, indicating that while India has a federal structure, the central government retains substantial powers.
27
What is the impact of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on Indian federalism?
The introduction of GST represents a significant example of Cooperative Federalism, showcasing collaboration between central and state governments for unified taxation and economic reform.
28
What does Asymmetry in Indian federalism imply?
Asymmetry in Indian federalism implies that different states have varying degrees of autonomy and powers based on historical, cultural, and regional factors, leading to a diverse federal structure.
29
What is the significance of the Disaster Management Authority under Article 263?
It highlights the importance of intergovernmental coordination in areas like water resources management and disaster response.
30
What does single citizenship in India reinforce?
It reinforces a common national identity irrespective of the state of residence.
31
What is an example of asymmetric federalism in India?
Jammu and Kashmir's special status under Article 370 and Article 35A, which granted it greater autonomy, is an example of asymmetric federalism.
32
How has the Indian Constitution been flexible over time?
It has been amended more than 100 times to address changing federal relations, such as the 73rd and 74th Amendments that decentralized powers to local self-governing bodies.
33
What was affirmed in the Keshavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala case?
The Supreme Court affirmed the basic structure doctrine, interpreting the Constitution and upholding federal principles.
34
What are residuary powers in the context of Indian federalism?
Residuary powers are matters not explicitly mentioned in the lists that fall under the central government's authority, ensuring national unity.
35
What is the purpose of emergency provisions like Article 356?
They allow for the imposition of President's Rule in states facing governance crises, such as the political instability in Jharkhand in 2013.
36
Why is there a need to reassess the distribution of powers between Centre and State?
The distribution of powers should be updated to align with changing socio-economic dynamics, technology, globalization, and current needs.
37
What does the centralization of powers in Indian federalism imply?
It implies that the central government often takes the lead in diplomatic negotiations and strategic decisions, giving a unitary appearance to the federal system.
38
What is the impact of the GST implementation on states' fiscal autonomy?
The GST implementation has centralized tax collection and administration in India, reducing states' fiscal autonomy.
39
What are emergency powers in the context of Indian federalism?
Emergency powers refer to the provision for the central government to assume significant control over the states during a state of emergency, as per Article 356 of the Indian Constitution.
40
How do state governments in India exhibit financial dependence on the central government?
Many state governments rely on financial transfers, grants, and revenue-sharing from the central government to meet their expenditure needs, with a significant portion of their revenue coming from central funds and grants.
41
What is asymmetrical federalism in India?
Asymmetrical federalism in India refers to a federal system where different states have varying degrees of autonomy and powers, acknowledging the diverse nature of the country and the unique needs of its states.
42
What are special provisions for certain states in India?
Special provisions grant certain states additional powers and autonomy, often referred to as 'special category states' or 'special status states', such as Jammu and Kashmir and states in the northeastern region.
43
What challenges does asymmetrical federalism pose in India?
Critics argue that asymmetrical federalism can lead to unequal development, promote regionalism, and create complexities in governance and administration.
44
What is asymmetrical federalism in India?
Asymmetrical federalism in India refers to a governance structure that balances the principles of unity and diversity, allowing for tailored governance solutions for different states while maintaining the overall integrity of the Indian Union. It raises questions about practical implementation and potential disparities that can emerge from such arrangements.
45
What are the implications of financial imbalance in India's federal structure?
Financial imbalance in India's federal structure leads to states depending on fiscal transfers from the central government, resulting in disputes over fund distribution and demands for greater financial autonomy. This imbalance is characterized by centralized revenue collection and a distributable pool managed by the Finance Commission.
46
How does the Finance Commission influence revenue distribution among states in India?
The Finance Commission, under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution, decides how to distribute central taxes among states. However, its recommendations are sometimes criticized for not fully addressing the fiscal needs of the states, leading to tensions and demands for more equitable distribution.
47
What role do conditional and discretionary grants play in India's fiscal federalism?
Conditional grants from the central government restrict states' flexibility in spending, while discretionary grants can lead to uneven resource distribution, often favoring politically influential states, thus impacting the overall fiscal autonomy of states.
48
What is the significance of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBMA) in India?
The FRBMA (Article 292) imposes debt constraints on states to ensure fiscal responsibility, but it also limits their ability to borrow and invest in development, creating challenges for states in managing their finances effectively.
49
What challenges do states face regarding resource mobilization in India?
States, particularly economically weaker regions, struggle with resource mobilization, leading to difficulties in generating sufficient revenue to meet their expenditure needs, which is exacerbated by economic disparities among states.
50
What are the key points of contention in inter-state water disputes in India?
Key points of contention in inter-state water disputes include disagreements over allocation and usage of shared water resources, driven by competing demands for agricultural, industrial, and domestic use, as well as challenges posed by population growth and environmental changes.
51
What are historical agreements in the context of interstate water disputes?
Historical agreements refer to past accords between states regarding water allocation that may now be viewed as outdated due to changes in water flow, population, and development needs.
52
What is the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956?
The Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 is a legal framework established to resolve disputes between states over water resources, although the resolution process can be lengthy and outcomes may not satisfy all parties involved.
53
How does climate change impact interstate water disputes?
Climate change affects interstate water disputes by altering rainfall patterns and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, which makes historical data less reliable for forecasting and planning water resource management.
54
What is the significance of equitable distribution in water resource conflicts?
Equitable distribution is crucial in water resource conflicts as it involves determining a fair allocation of water among states, which varies based on each state's specific needs and perspectives.
55
What role do political parties play in interstate water disputes?
Political parties often use interstate water disputes to gain regional support by positioning themselves as defenders of their state's rights and resources, influencing the dynamics of federal versus state interests.
56
What is the Interstate Water Disputes Act (IWDA), 1956?
The Interstate Water Disputes Act (IWDA), 1956 is a legislative framework enacted based on Article 262 of the Constitution, providing a detailed process for the resolution of water disputes and establishing Water Disputes Tribunals.
57
What is the role of the Inter-State River Water Disputes Tribunal (ISRWD Tribunal)?
The Inter-State River Water Disputes Tribunal (ISRWD Tribunal) is a proposed permanent tribunal intended to replace multiple ad hoc tribunals for resolving interstate water disputes more efficiently.
58
What are the constitutional provisions related to interstate water disputes?
Article 262 of the Constitution empowers Parliament to adjudicate disputes related to interstate river waters and allows it to exclude the jurisdiction of all courts over such disputes.
59
What is the purpose of the Dispute Resolution Committee (DRC) proposed in the amendments to the IWDA?
The Dispute Resolution Committee (DRC) is intended to resolve disputes amicably before they escalate to the tribunal, aiming for a quicker resolution process.
60
What are Zonal Councils and their relevance to interstate water disputes?
Zonal Councils, created by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, are advisory bodies that foster cooperation among states within a zone and can discuss and recommend informal solutions to interstate water disputes.
61
What is the impact of political influence on water disputes resolution in India?
Political factors often influence the water disputes resolution process, complicating it due to the intertwining of water issues with electoral politics and inter-state power dynamics.
62
What are the recommendations for improving water dispute resolution in India?
Recommendations include integrated water management with participatory river basin organizations, stronger mandates for water dispute institutions, inclusion of environmental and social justice in resolutions, and expert panels in hydrology and environmental science alongside legal expertise.
63
How does Bargaining Theory explain water disputes resolution?
Bargaining Theory suggests that water disputes are often resolved through political negotiations rather than legal adjudications, indicating that tribunal decisions may only be part of the solution.
64
What challenges does the Goods and Services Tax (GST) pose to federalism in India?
The GST challenges federalism by reducing the fiscal autonomy of state governments and creating disputes over revenue sharing mechanisms due to varying levels of economic activity among states.
65
What are the implications of NEET's centralization of education on state autonomy?
NEET's centralization is argued to infringe on state education autonomy, as it imposes a uniform standard of education and may not accommodate the diverse languages and education boards present in different states.
66
What is the impact of a common entrance test like NEET on regional linguistic and cultural diversity?
A common entrance test with a uniform syllabus can undermine regional linguistic and cultural diversity, as it does not account for the unique educational needs and cultural contexts of different states.
67
How do disparities in education affect the implementation of NEET in Indian federalism?
States with varying levels of educational infrastructure and resources may feel disadvantaged by a standardized national test like NEET, arguing that it does not consider these disparities, which challenges the principles of federalism in India.
68
What is Bargaining Federalism in the context of Indian federalism?
Bargaining Federalism refers to the shift in power dynamics where regional parties and coalition governments at the state level negotiate with the central government to secure resources and influence policy decisions.
69
What is the impact of a uniform syllabus on regional diversity?
A uniform syllabus can undermine regional linguistic and cultural diversity, as it does not account for the unique educational needs and cultural contexts of different states.
70
What is Bargaining Federalism in the context of Indian federalism?
Bargaining Federalism refers to the shift in power dynamics where regional parties and coalition governments at the state level negotiate with the central government for resources and powers, leading to more assertive states.
71
What role does the Governor play in Indian federalism?
The Governor, as the ceremonial head of the state government, performs constitutional duties and holds discretionary powers, which can lead to conflicts if perceived as representing central government interests rather than state interests.
72
What are the discretionary powers of the Governor in appointing the Chief Minister?
The Governor has the discretion to appoint the Chief Minister, especially in situations with no clear majority or during hung assemblies, which can be misused for political purposes.
73
How can the Governor's power to dissolve the state legislature impact Indian federalism?
The Governor can dissolve the state legislature if the government loses a vote of confidence, which can lead to fresh elections, but premature dissolutions can invite criticism and legal challenges.
74
What are the implications of the Governor's recommendations for President's Rule under Article 356?
Overzealous or politically motivated recommendations for President's Rule can lead to misuse of power, as seen in the case of Arunachal Pradesh, which was quashed by the courts.
75
How does the Governor's discretion in sending reports to the President reflect on Indian federalism?
The discretion in sending reports to the President can be subjective and may reflect the Governor's political bias, impacting the perception of impartiality in governance.
76
What is the significance of Article 356 in the Indian Constitution?
Article 356 allows the central government to dismiss state governments and impose President's Rule, but its misuse can lead to political exploitation and weaken the federal structure.
77
How can the appointment of the Chief Minister lead to disputes in Indian politics?
The appointment of the Chief Minister by the Governor can lead to disputes if there are allegations of political bias, as seen in states like Arunachal Pradesh and Karnataka.
78
What are the implications of the misuse of Article 356 on state autonomy?
The misuse of Article 356 erodes states' autonomy by allowing the central government to dismiss elected state governments, concentrating power at the center and undermining federalism.
79
What role do Governors play in the legislative process according to the Indian Constitution?
Governors have the authority to summon, prorogue, and dissolve the state legislative assembly and can reserve certain bills for the President's consideration as per Article 174.
80
What are the discretionary powers of Governors as per Article 163?
Article 163 grants Governors discretionary powers to be exercised during a hung assembly or in specific constitutional situations, allowing them to make decisions independent of the Chief Minister's advice.
81
What are the special powers of Lieutenant Governors in Union Territories?
Lieutenant Governors (LGs) in Union Territories (UTs) have significant executive powers over subjects like public order, police, and land, as well as legislative powers to promulgate ordinances and reserve bills for the President's assent. They also possess substantial discretionary powers, which can lead to conflicts with elected governments.
82
How do the discretionary powers of Lieutenant Governors impact their relationship with elected governments?
The discretionary powers of Lieutenant Governors in Union Territories can lead to a contentious relationship with the elected government, as these powers allow LGs to act independently, sometimes conflicting with the decisions made by the elected representatives.
83
What is the significance of Article 239 in relation to Lieutenant Governors?
Article 239 designates Lieutenant Governors as the constitutional head of Union Territories, appointed by the President of India, and outlines their role and powers within the governance of UTs.
84
What challenges arise from the conflict over the Concurrent List in Indian federalism?
The conflict over the Concurrent List, which includes subjects for both central and state legislation, can create confusion and disputes regarding jurisdiction, complicating the balance of power between the central and state governments.
85
What are the implications of recentralization trends in Indian federalism?
Recentralization trends, particularly under a strong ruling party, raise concerns about undermining federalism principles, as they may lead to a concentration of power at the center, affecting state autonomy and governance.
86
How do socio-economic disparities affect Indian federalism?
Socio-economic disparities between states necessitate a more equitable approach to development, as some states are more developed than others, which can create tensions and challenges in resource allocation and governance.
87
What are the economic impacts of globalization on Indian federalism?
Globalization has allowed states to attract foreign investment directly, fostering competition among states to offer favorable conditions for investment, leading to uneven development, with states like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu becoming economic powerhouses while others lag behind.
88
How has globalization affected the political role of states in India?
Increased international interactions have allowed states to have a more direct role in foreign policy, traditionally reserved for the central government, enabling states like Gujarat to develop sister-city relationships and international trade agreements.
89
What social and cultural impacts has globalization had on Indian federalism?
The flow of global cultures has strengthened regional identities, leading to greater assertion of local cultures and languages, exemplified by the increased popularity and global reach of regional cinema from Tamil and Telugu industries.
90
What technological impacts has globalization had on Indian federalism?
Technological advancements facilitated by globalization have empowered states with better governance tools, such as the Aadhar system and digital governance initiatives, reshaping the federal structure by enabling states to implement national schemes more effectively.
91
How has globalization influenced intergovernmental relations in India?
Increased economic interdependence among states and with the external world has required more collaborative federal interactions, sometimes leading to new tensions over resources and revenues.
92
What role has the central government played in economic reforms due to globalization?
The central government has taken on a strong oversight role to negotiate trade agreements, streamline national policies for foreign investment, and comply with international economic standards following the economic liberalization policies starting in 1991.
93
How has globalization expanded the central government's role in foreign policy and defense?
Globalization has expanded the scope of foreign policy and defense, requiring the central government to navigate complex international relations, engage in defense partnerships, and develop strategic alliances, reinforcing its position.
94
What are the implications of globalization for national security and cybersecurity in India?
With globalization, the threat landscape has evolved to include cyber threats and terrorism, necessitating a stronger role for the central government in addressing these challenges.
95
What is the significance of GST in fiscal policy?
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) represents a major fiscal reform orchestrated by the central government to create a unified market, which is essential for integrating with the global economy.
96
What does the term 'Congress System' refer to in the context of Indian federalism?
The 'Congress System' describes the one-party dominance of the Indian National Congress post-independence, leading to a version of cooperative federalism characterized as centralized federalism, where states operated under a strong central authority.
97
How have regional parties influenced Indian federalism?
Regional parties have redefined Indian federalism by asserting state rights and cultural identities, leading to a form of competitive federalism that emphasizes the need for balance between unity and diversity.
98
What role do centrally sponsored schemes play in federalism?
Centrally sponsored schemes can become a site of negotiation and conflict between the center and states, reflecting the underlying tensions in India's federal structure depending on which party is in power.
99
What is the constitutional basis for cooperative federalism in India?
Cooperative federalism in India is grounded in Article 1, which defines India as a Union of States, and Article 263, which establishes the Interstate Council to promote cooperation among states and the central government.
100
What is the significance of Article 280 in the context of financial relations in India?
Article 280 establishes the Finance Commission, promoting financial cooperation to address fiscal disparities and foster development.
101
How do joint programs and schemes reflect cooperative federalism in India?
Joint programs and schemes are implemented by both central and state levels to achieve national development goals while addressing state-specific needs, reflecting the principles of cooperative federalism.
102
What is the role of local governments as per Articles 243 to 243ZG in India?
These articles empower local governments, including panchayats and municipalities, reflecting cooperative decision-making at the grassroots level.
103
How does the Goods and Services Tax (GST) promote cooperative federalism?
The GST harmonizes indirect taxation and involves both central and state governments in its implementation, fostering cooperative federalism in taxation.
104
What is the transition from cooperative federalism to bargaining federalism?
The transition is marked by a shift from collaborative decision-making to state governments negotiating and asserting their interests with the central government, often influenced by regional or political factors.
105
How do regional parties influence bargaining federalism in India?
Regional parties leverage their position to engage in bargaining with the central government, especially when they hold the balance of power in the upper house of Parliament.
106
What are the implications of resource allocation disputes in bargaining federalism?
States often feel shortchanged by Finance Commission formulas and engage in bargaining with the central government for a larger share of resources, highlighting the dynamics of federal negotiations.
107
How do interstate conflicts contribute to bargaining federalism?
Interstate conflicts, particularly over resources like water, necessitate negotiation and compromise, which are fundamental aspects of federal bargaining.
108
What role does political power play in bargaining federalism?
States run by opposition parties often have to negotiate harder for favorable treatment from the central government, leading to a bargaining scenario.
109
How does economic and developmental asymmetry affect bargaining federalism?
Less developed states often engage in bargaining with the central government for special assistance or concessions, reflecting the intrinsic nature of federal negotiations.
110
What is competitive federalism?
Competitive federalism is a model of federal governance where central and state governments, as well as the states themselves, engage in competition to attract investment, implement reforms, and improve administration and governance.
111
What are the features of competitive federalism?
Features of competitive federalism include states competing to provide a more favorable business environment, incentives for states that perform well on various development indices, and increased autonomy for states in planning their expenditure.
112
What are some examples of competitive federalism in India?
Examples in India include states hosting investment summits like 'Vibrant Gujarat', rankings on Ease of Doing Business to incentivize reforms, and the implementation of policies like 'One Nation, One Ration card'.
113
What are the criticisms of competitive federalism?
Criticism of competitive federalism includes the potential to exacerbate regional inequalities, social and environmental concerns such as tribal displacement or pollution, and allegations of bias in central rankings necessitating cooperative decision-making mechanisms.
114
How has the transition from cooperative to competitive federalism occurred in India?
The transition from a cooperative federation to a competitive one in India reflects changes in center-state relations, with regional parties emerging and states competing to attract investments and innovate policies, moving away from a centralized governance model.
115
What role do regional parties play in competitive federalism?
The emergence of regional parties has led to a decentralized expression of power, challenging the centralized governance model and prompting states to compete by crafting unique policies.
116
How has economic liberalization influenced competitive federalism in India?
Economic liberalization has turned states into active players in economic development, leading them to compete for investments through initiatives like the Vibrant Gujarat summit.
117
What is the significance of fiscal decentralization in competitive federalism?
Increased fiscal autonomy for states, as recommended by Finance Commissions, has led to internal competition for revenue maximization among states.
118
How do states serve as incubators for policy innovation in competitive federalism?
States have become incubators for policy innovation, with successful programs being emulated by others, driving a form of competitive governance.
119
What are the concerns raised by figures like Amartya Sen regarding competitive federalism?
Figures like Amartya Sen caution against the risks of competitive federalism, such as increased inequalities, and advocate for a balance between competition and cooperation to ensure inclusive development.
120
What is the Inter-State Council?
The Inter-State Council is a constitutional body in India established under Article 263 of the Constitution, set up by a Presidential Order in 1990 on the recommendation of the Sarkaria Commission to examine the relationship and balance of power between state and central governments.
121
Who are the members of the Inter-State Council?
The members of the Inter-State Council include the Prime Minister as the Chairman, Chief Ministers of all States and Union territories with legislative assemblies, Administrators of Union Territories without legislatures, and six Ministers of Cabinet rank in the Union Council of Ministers nominated by the Prime Minister.
122
What are the main functions of the Inter-State Council?
The main functions of the Inter-State Council include inquiring into and advising on disputes between states, investigating subjects of common interest, making recommendations for better coordination of policy and action, and deliberating on matters of general interest to the states, including fiscal relations between the center and states.
123
What are some successes of the Inter-State Council?
Some successes of the Inter-State Council include providing a platform for dialogues on federal issues, facilitating discussions on fiscal coordination leading to an increase in states' share in central taxes, and having the potential to address inter-state disputes, particularly over river water sharing.
124
What challenges does the Inter-State Council face?
The challenges faced by the Inter-State Council include infrequent meetings, non-binding recommendations, and implementation issues, leading to sporadic follow-up on decisions taken during meetings.
125
What is the role of the Inter-State Council (ISC) in Indian federalism?
The ISC serves as a forum to build consensus on contentious issues between states, although its role as an arbitrator has been limited. It has potential for enhancing cooperative federalism but has not been the central mechanism for interstate dispute resolution due to irregular meetings and non-binding recommendations.
126
What are the constitutional provisions for state formation in India?
The Constitution of India provides a framework for state formation, including Article 1 which declares India as a Union of States, and Articles 2 and 3 which grant Parliament the power to admit new states, create new states, or alter state boundaries.
127
How has linguistic reorganization of states impacted Indian federalism?
Linguistic reorganization has accommodated linguistic diversity within the federal structure, reinforcing the principle of unity in diversity by allowing governance in people's mother tongue.
128
What is the significance of regional identities in the context of state reorganization in India?
State reorganization has promoted regional identities, shaping the political landscape through the interaction between regionalism and the federal structure.
129
How does state formation relate to regional aspirations for autonomy in India?
State formation is intertwined with regional aspirations for greater autonomy and self-governance, which is essential for understanding the functioning of Indian federalism.
130
What role do regional parties play in Indian federalism?
Regional parties are key actors in Indian federalism, influencing state politics and engaging with the central government, thereby shaping the political dynamics.
131
How does state formation affect resource allocation in Indian federalism?
State formation influences resource allocation and financial transfers, which are central aspects of fiscal federalism in India, impacting the fiscal dynamics of the federal structure.
132
What are the implications of changes in state boundaries on representation in India's Parliament?
Changes in state boundaries can affect representation within Parliament, influencing the balance of power, decision-making, and political dynamics in federal governance.
133
What are the arguments in favor of smaller states in India?
Arguments in favor of smaller states include administrative efficiency, enhanced regional development, effective representation, cultural and linguistic homogeneity, and reduced bureaucratic complexity.
134
What are the challenges associated with the creation of smaller states in India?
Challenges associated with smaller states include administrative overheads, fragmentation of resources, potential for ethnic tensions, political division, and economic viability issues.
135
How does regionalism influence Indian federalism?
Regionalism influences Indian federalism through deep-seated attachments to geographic regions, expressed through politics, culture, language, and economic disparities, affecting the relationship between the central government and regions.
136
What role do regional parties play in Indian politics?
Regional parties influence Indian politics by focusing on regional issues, often forming national coalitions, and accommodating diverse interests and identities within the country.
137
What is the significance of linguistic and cultural diversity in regionalism in India?
Linguistic and cultural diversity in India highlights regional identities and has led to state reorganization efforts, such as the 1956 reorganization aimed at addressing linguistic regionalism.
138
What is the relationship between economic disparities and regional tensions according to Ashutosh Varshney?
Economic disparities link closely to regional tensions, and violence can play a role in shaping regional identities.
139
How does Dipankar Gupta explain the emergence of regionalism?
Regionalism often emerges from economic backwardness and a sense of deprivation in certain regions.
140
What are interstate water disputes and how can they affect states?
Interstate water disputes, like the Cauvery and Krishna rivers, can lead to tensions and legal battles among states.
141
What role do cultural and artistic expressions play in regional identity?
Each Indian region boasts unique cultural expressions, fostering pride and identity, such as Rajasthan's rich folk art, music, and traditional dance forms.
142
How does regional media influence regional identities?
Local newspapers, TV channels, and radio stations cater to specific linguistic and cultural groups, shaping regional identities and addressing local issues.
143
What is the significance of administrative and political decentralization in India?
India's federal system grants states autonomy in governance, promoting decentralized decision-making, exemplified by the Panchayati Raj System empowering local self-governance.
144
What are the implications of regional disparities in development and infrastructure?
Regional disparities in infrastructure and development can create feelings of neglect in certain areas, as seen in Uttar Pradesh with variations in development across regions.
145
What does the Telangana movement exemplify in terms of regional demands?
The Telangana movement leading to the creation of the Telangana state exemplifies demands for statehood or more autonomy in certain regions.
146
How does Paul Brass view regionalism in relation to central government suppression?
Paul Brass suggests that regionalism is often a response to the perceived neglect or suppression of regional interests by the central government.
147
What does the principle of unity in diversity signify in the context of India?
Unity in diversity signifies India's recognition and respect for its regional differences within a strong nation, highlighting its diverse regions, languages, and cultures.
148
What are the two perspectives on whether regionalism is a threat to national unity?
One perspective views regionalism as a threat to national unity, potentially leading to separatist movements, while the other suggests that regionalism need not be detrimental if managed properly, recognizing the importance of accommodating regional interests.
149
What is the significance of regionalism in Indian politics according to Rajni Kothari?
Rajni Kothari emphasizes that regionalism plays a vital role in accommodating diverse interests and identities within India, contributing to political stability.
150
How has the Indian government addressed regionalism?
The Indian government has tackled regionalism by reorganizing states on linguistic lines and forming coalitions with regional parties to ensure diverse representation.
151
What was the crucial step taken in 1956 to address linguistic regionalism in India?
The creation of linguistic states in 1956 was a crucial step in addressing linguistic regionalism in India, exemplified by the formation of Andhra Pradesh.
152
What role do economic development programs play in addressing regional disparities according to Ashutosh Varshney?
Ashutosh Varshney states that economic development programs can significantly address regional disparities and mitigate regional tensions.
153
How do regional parties influence national politics according to Subrata K. Mitra?
Subrata K. Mitra notes that the Indian federal structure allows regional parties to influence national politics and shape coalition governments.
154
What is the importance of effective governance in managing regionalism according to Atul Kohli?
Atul Kohli asserts that effective governance is crucial in managing regionalism and preventing it from becoming a threat.
155
What do scholars M. Govinda Rao and Nirvikar Singh suggest about Indian federalism?
M. Govinda Rao and Nirvikar Singh assert that Indian federalism has shown adaptability and resilience, effectively balancing central and regional powers, and recommend continual reforms for equitable development.
