1.1 Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
A
- protection to internal organs
- site for blood cell production
- mineral store
- provides attachments for the muscular system
- acts as the levers and pivot points required to make movement
2
Q
What are the 5 types of bones?
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
5.sesamoid
3
Q
What is the function of flat bones?
A
protect internal organs and act as suitable sites for muscular attachments
4
Q
What are some examples of flat bones?
A
sternum, ribs, cranium, pelvis
5
Q
What is the function of long bones?
A
act as levers for movements and acts as sites for blood cell production
6
Q
What are some examples of long bones?
A
femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges
7
Q
What is the function of irregular bones?
A
protect the spinal cord
8
Q
What is the example of an irregular bone?
A
vertebrae
9
Q
What is the function of short bones?
A
bear weight well
10
Q
What are some examples of short bones?
A
carpals, tarsals
11
Q
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
A
ease joint movement and resist compression
12
Q
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
A
patella
13
Q
What is the definition of a joint?
A
an area of the body where two of more bones articulate to create human movement
14
Q
What is the definition of a ligament?
A
a tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
15
Q
What is the definition of articular cartilage?
A
smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement
16
Q
What are the 5 common features of a synovial joint?
A
- ligament
- synovial fluid
- articular fluid
- joint capsule
- bursa
16
Q
What is the structure of a ligament?
A
a tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue
16
Q
What is the function of a ligament?
A
connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement
17
Q
What is the structure of synovial fluid?
A
lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity
17
Q
What is the function of synovial fluid?
A
reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
18
Q
What is the structure of articular cartilage?
A
smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones
19
Q
What is the function of articular cartilage?
A
absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement
20
Q
What is the structure of a joint capsule?
A
a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
21
Q
What is the function of a joint capsule?
A
encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
22
What is the structure of
a bursa?
a closed fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones
23
What is the function of a bursa?
reduced friction between tendons and bones
24
What are the three planes of movement?
1. sagittal
2. frontal
3. transverse
25
What is plane of movement defined as?
the description of three dimensional movements at a joint
26
What are movement patterns defined as?
a description of the actions taking place at a joint
27
What are the 6 types of synovial joint?
1. hinge
2. pivot
3. condyloid
4. ball and socket
5. gliding
6. saddle
28
What is flexion defined as?
movement which decreases the joint angle, usually to the front of the body
29
What is extension defined as?
movement which increases the joint angle, usually to the back of the body
30
What is dorsi-flexion defined as?
movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up
31
What is plantar flexion defined as?
movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down
32
What 4 movements can occur on the sagittal plane?
1. flexion
2. extension
3. dorsi-flexion
4. plantar flexion
33
What is abduction defined as?
movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body
34
What is adduction defined as?
movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body
35
What two movements occur on the frontal plane?
1. abduction
2. adduction
36
What is horizontal extension defined as?
movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground
37
What is horizontal flexion defined as?
movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
38
What is rotation defined as?
movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action
39
What 3 movements can occur on the transverse plane?
1. horizontal extension
2. horizontal flexion
3. rotation
40
What is a tendon defined as?
a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
41
What is the agonist muscle defined as?
a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. also know as the prime mover
42
What is the antagonist muscle defined as ?
a muscle that opposes the agonist, providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement
43
What is the fixator muscle defined as?
a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves.
44
What is the antagonistic muscle action defined as?
paired muscle action. As the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action.
45
What is isotonic contraction defined as?
muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction. This can occur in two ways: concentric and eccentric contraction
46
What is concentric contraction defined as?
muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension
47
What is eccentric contraction defined as?
muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension
48
What is isometric contraction defined as?
muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension
49
What is delayed onset muscle soreness ?
pain and stiffness felt in the muscle, which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associated with eccentric muscle contractions
50
What type of joint is the anke?
hinge
51
What are the articulating bones of the ankle joint ?
tibia, fibula and talus
52
What plane of movement does the ankle use?
sagittal
53
What movements can the ankle do?
dorsi-flexion
plantar flexion
54
What is the agonist muscle for dorsi-flexion of the ankle?
tibialis anterior
55
What are the agonist muscles for plantar flexion of the ankle?
gastrocnemius and soleus
56
What type of joint is the knee?
hinge
57
What are the articulating bones for the knee joint ?
femur and tibia
58
What plane of movement does the knee use?
sagittal
59
What movements can the knee do?
flexion
extension
60
What are the agonist muscles for flexion of the knee?
hamstring group
biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus
61
What are the agonist muscles for extension of the knee ?
quadriceps group
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis
62
What type of joint is the hip?
ball and socket
63
What are the articulating bones of the hip?
pelvic girdle and femur
64
What planes of movements can the hip use?
sagittal
frontal
transverse
65
What is the agonist muscle for flexion of the hip ?
iliopsoas
66
What is the agonist muscle for extension of the hip?
gluteus maximus
67
What are the agonist muscles for adduction of the hip?
adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus
68
What are the agonist muscles for abduction of the hip ?
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
69
What are the agonist muscles for medial rotation of the hip?
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
70
What is the agonist muscle for lateral rotation of the hip?
gluteus maximus
71
What are the movement that can occur at the hip?
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
medial rotation
lateral rotation
72
What type of joint is the shoulder ?
ball and socket
73
What are the articulating bones of the shoulder joint?
humerus and scapula
74
What planes of movement does the shoulder use?
sagittal
frontal
transverse
75
What is the agonist muscle for flexion of the shoulder?
anterior deltoid
76
What is the agonist muscle for extension of the shoulder?
posterior deltoid
77
What is the agonist muscle for adduction of the shoulder?
latissimus dorsi
78
What is the agonist muscle for abduction of the shoulder?
middle deltoid
79
What is the agonist muscle for horizontal flexion of the shoulder?
pectoralis major
80
What are the agonist muscles for horizontal extension of the shoulder?
posterior deltoid and teres minor
81
What are the agonist muscles for medial rotation of the shoulder?
teres major and subscapularis
82
What are the agonist muscles for lateral rotation of the shoulder?
teres minor and infraspinatous
83
What 9 types of movement can occur at the shoulder?
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
horizontal flexion
horizontal extension
medial rotation
lateral rotation
circumduction
84
What type of joint is the elbow?
hinge
85
What are the articulating bones of the elbow ?
humerus, radius and ulna
86
What plane of movement does the elbow use?
sagittal
87
What movements can the elbow do?
flexion
extension
88
What is the agonist muscle for flexion of the elbow?
biceps brachii
89
What is the agonist muscle for extension of the elbow?
triceps brachii
90
What type of joint is the wrist?
condyloid
91
What are the articulating bones for the wrist joint?
radius, ulna and carpals
92
What plane of movement does the wrist use?
sagittal
93
What movements can the wrist do?
flexion
extension
94
What are the agonist muscles for flexion of the wrist?
wrist flexors
95
What are the agonist muscles for extension of the wrist?
wrist extensors
96
What is a motor neuron defined as?
a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
97
What is a motor unit defined as?
a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
98
What is action potential defined as?
positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
99
How do the skeletal muscles contract?
1. Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body.
2. Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft.
3. Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap.
4. If the electrical charge is above the threshold, the muscle fibre will contract.
5. This happens in an 'all-or-none' fashion.
100
What is a neurotransmitter defined as?
A chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neuron, which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre.
101
What is the 'All-or-None' Law defined as?
Depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all the muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all.
102
A greater number of motor units will do what to the contraction?
The greater the number of motor units recruited, the greater force of contraction.
103
What are the 3 types of muscle fibre?
1. Slow oxidative (SO or type 1)
2. Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG or type 2a)
3. Fast glycolytic (FG or type 2b)
104
What are slow oxidative muscle fibres?
a type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries, which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time
105
What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres?
A type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine, which produces a maximal force over a short period of time.
106
What are fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?
Muscle fibres structurally designed to produce a large amount of force quickly, but they also have the capacity to resist fatigue.
107
What is an example of an athlete with lots of slow oxidative muscle fibres?
marathon runner
108
What is an example of an athlete with lots of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?
800m runner
109
What is an example of an athlete with lots of fast glycolytic muscle fibres?
100m sprinter
110
What is phosphocreatine?
a high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel for very high-intensity energy production
111
What is mitochondria?
A structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production
112
What is myoglobin?
A protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria.
113
What is aerobic work?
Low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen.
114
What is anaerobic work?
High intensity, short-duration exercise in the absence of oxygen.
115
What is a work:relief ratio?
the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed
