6.3 Global Sporting Events Flashcards

Question

Where were the first Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability held?

Answer 1

1 Determination - the drive and motivation to overcome both physical and mental barriers in order to achieve your goals. 2 Courage - having the self-belief and confidence to overcome adversity and face difficulty. 3 Equality - showing respect and humility towards all those around you in the spirit of fair play. 4 Inspiration - to be motivated by the achievements and action of others and to be a positive example to others.

Answer 2

A type of communication that seeks to influence people towards a certain cause and, in this case, a political philosophy. The information given as part of this communication is biased towards a certain belief or set of values.

Answer 3

Because of the extensive global publicity

Answer 4

1 Berlin 1936 - Third Reich Ideology 2 Mexico City 1968 - Black Power demonstration 3 Munich 1972 - Palestinian terrorism 4 Moscow 1980 - Boycott led by the USA 5 Los Angeles 1984 - Boycott by the Soviet Union

Answer 5

The Olympic Games were used by Hitler and the Nazi party as a stage for political propaganda for the Third Reich. Hitler wanted the Games to be a showcase for the Nazi Party and he was keen that the German Olympic team would win medals across the board to show their supremacy. It was the perfect opportunity for the Nazis to prove to the world the superiority of the 'Master Race'.

Answer 6

It is an ideology that viewed Germany as a superior 'empire'

Answer 7

The Nazi Germany team had trained for the Olympics full-time, thereby stretching the ideal of the Olympics being essentially an amateur competition. Germany had an athletic superstar of the time, called Lutz Lang, who was a top-class long jumper with the model image for the Nazi Part of blond hair and blue eyes, then a stereotype of 'Aryan racial superiority'.

Answer 8

The most famous athlete in the world at the time was an American called Jesse Owens. He was an African-American and, therefore, under Nazi ideology, 'inferior' to the athletes in the German team.

Answer 9

The Olympic stadium was completed one time and held 100,000 spectators; 150 other new Olympic buildings were completed on time for the event. The anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) posters abundant around Germany before the Games had disappeared when the Games started to avoid controversy and upset.

Answer 10

The upset came from the athletics competition when the 'racially inferior' Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals in the 100m, 200m, long jump and 4x100m relay. He broke 11 Olympic record and beat the German Lutz Lang in the long jump final. There were 10 African-American members of the USA athletics team and they won 7 golds, 3 silvers and 3 bronze. Hitler refused to place the gold medal around Owens' neck.

Answer 11

A range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation. Apartheid existed in South Africa from 1948-1994. Under Apartheid, non-white South Africans (the vast majority of the population) were forced to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the 2 groups was limited by law.

Answer 12

South Africa's invitation to the Games was withdrawn because of the other countries threatening to boycott the Games because of South Africa's Apartheid regime.

Answer 13

African-Americans protested to the World when 2 black athletes used a medal ceremony from the 200m to protest about the lack of civil rights in the USA. At the time, black Americans lacked equality of opportunity, were forced to be segregated in many aspects of society and many lived in extreme poverty.

Answer 14

Tommie Smith and John Carlos

Answer 15

They were both wearing one black glove: Smith on his right and Carlos on his left. Smith stated that his right-handed demonstration was meant to represent black power in America. The left-hand demonstration of Carlos was meant to represent unity in black America. The archway that raised their arms created was meant to represent black power and unity in America. The black socks that both wore (and no shoes) represented black poverty in America.

Answer 16

The gesture that Tommie Smith and John Carlos made on their medal podium at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics.

Answer 17

This protest was watched by many millions of people from around the world. Both athletes were told to leave the Games because they had brought politics into the Olympics, which were supposed to be devoid of politics. They made an impact and were treated by many as heroes to the USA. They succeeded in putting a global spotlight on the plight at black Americans.

Answer 18

A day before the Games began, 8 Palestinians terrorists entered the Olympic village and seized 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team. The terrorists made a political request to release the 234 Palestinians that were being imprisoned in Israel. The German authorities attempted to rescue the hostages but this failed and all hostages and 5 of the terrorists were killed, with 3 other terrorists wounded. The Palestinian terrorists were known as the Black September group.

Answer 19

The IOS made the controversial decision that the Games should go on. The following day there was a memorial service for the victims and the Olympic flags were only flown at half-mast and the opening of the Olympics was postponed for 1 day.

Answer 20

In December 1979, Soviet Union forced invaded Afghanistan, which created a conflict that would last10 years and extended the Cold War. Margaret Thatcher (Britain's prime minister at the time) stated 'one way to bring home to the Russian people the enormity of what has happened... is to boycott the Olympic Games. The US president at the time, jimmy Carter, stated that the USA would boycott the Moscow summer Olympics if Soviet troops did not withdraw within 1 month. There were many protests in Britain against the boycott but also other groups who were in favour of the boycott, which sparked a debate about the relationship between sport and politics.

Answer 21

On one side, some would say that politics has nothing to do with sport or that sport would actually help to build bridges between nations. Others saw things very differently and viewed sport as being inextricably linked to politics and that sports participants had a duty to stand up for freedom and fairness and therefore boycott events with countries that did not share the same values.

Answer 22

The British hockey, fencing and equestrian teams all chose to boycott the Moscow Olympics, whereas other teams chose to attend. In total, almost 6000 competitors from 81 countries, compared to the 10000 expected.

Answer 23

After the terrorist attack in 1972 and the financial disaster of 1976 in Montreal, only Los Angeles in the USA bid for the right to host the 1984 Olympic Games.

Answer 24

12 weeks before the opening ceremony, the Soviet Union announced that they would be boycotting them, along with East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Cuba. In all, 14 nations refused to take part in the 1984 Olympics in response to the events of 1980.

Answer 25

The Soviet Union authorities blames the commercialisation of the Games and a lack of security measures, which in their view amounted to a violation of the Olympic charter. The Soviet Union accused the US of using the Games 'for political purposes, 'stirring up anti-Soviet propaganda' and of having a 'cavalier attitude to security of Russian athletes'. Many commentators at the time saw this boycott as a 'tit-for-tat' response to the US boycotting the Moscow Olympics in 1980.

Answer 26

the attraction of raising the profile of the city or country, the potential future financial benefits and the cultural benefits

Answer 27

1 sporting 2 social 3 economical 4 political

Answer 28

1 The event raises the profile of the sport and may lead to more people participating and watching that particular sport. 2 New or upgraded sporting venues are often built for the event, which leaves a positive legacy of sports facilities. 3 An event can focus attention on minority sports, which may inspire more people to take up sport or try a new sport. 4 There may be an increase in funding the sports involved. 5 An event would bring an increase in sponsorship and commercial income for individual participants as well as to governing bodies for each sport involved.

Answer 29

1 While there are now 1.4 million more people playing sport in England than in 2005, this increase came in 2 short bursts: one after London 2021's bid was declared the winner and another around the 2012 Games themselves. The current trend is a gradual decline in the number of people playing sport regularly. 2 Facilities used for the event can end up not being used after the event. Future use is not always planned properly. 3 Lesser known non-global sports can suffer. With money and resources going towards big global events, often in one sport, other less well-known sports often become under-funded and less well-resourced. 4 Sport deviance is more likely to be highlighted via media at global events - e.g. football hooliganism at the Brazil World Cup in 2014, where Argentinian football fans clashed with locals.

Answer 30

1 More money is brought into the city or country, which can be used for the local population and to support public services. 2 A global event can give pride to the host nation. This can increase a sense of well-being and can help with 'nation building'. 3 There may be improved use of sports facilities by local communities. 4 Hosting a global event can often result in improved transport systems. 5 Accommodation and other facilities built for the event can be used by the community. For example, since the 2021 Olympics in London, the Olympic village has been used for housing.

Answer 31

1 Some areas of the country may not get the same facility benefits as the host city. 2 Some areas of the host country do not benefit from the improvement in infrastructure and transport systems. 3 Local inhabitants may have to vacate land being used for sports venues.

Answer 32

1 An increase in come to the country involved leads to a positive economical impact. More money is brought to the host city or country by those jobs that participate and those that spectate. 2 More jobs are created through the building of facilities, transport and infrastructure and support jobs for the event. 3 There is an increase in tourism and related economic benefits during and after the event. 4 There are commercial benefits related to goods sold in the area of the event and also in the sale of event-related goods.

Answer 33

1 Bidding to host a global sports event can be very expensive. 2 The event can cost the host more than it raise in revenue, so making an overall economic loss. Often event costs go away over budget. 3 The benefits to employment and longer term jobs are often exaggerated and many jobs created for global sports events are temporary and dry up after the event. 4 If event or participants are linked to failure or dysfunctional behaviour, then sponsors and other sources of funding can be affected.

Answer 34

1 Individuals, political parties and their leaders can gain credit and therefore more votes if a country succeeds in their bid to host a global sports event. If the event also leads to success for the host country's athletes or teams, then this can against reflect well on politicians and the ruling political party. 2 Staging a global event can bring unity to a country and a sense of purpose, with political differences put aside. 3 The country or city can use the event as a 'shop window' for their culture and commerce and therefore raise the country's status in the eyes of the world. In other words, political leaders view such events as an opportunity to show their country in a positive light, to raise the status of the country and to attract more investment and trade.

Answer 35

1 If the cost of the event is too high or it goes over budget, then this can become a political disadvantage with potential loss in votes and decrease in government economic resources. 2 If something goes wrong at the event (e.g. the terrorist attack of Munich 1972) then this can be politically disadvantageous, with politicians having to shoulder some of the responsibility. 3 If the host nation does poorly in the sports event and is perceived as failing, then this can reflect badly on the ruling political party. (e.g. Hitler and Jesse Owens) 4 Negative environmental impacts can result in a decrease in popularity with the ruling politicians - e.g. increase in litter or traffic congestion. 5 If the legacy of the event is perceived to be negative, then this can be politically damaging. For example, if participation in the sport highlighted by the event shows a decrease in popularity or sport participation general declines, then this can lead to dissatisfaction with the use of public money. 6 Protests by athletes and spectators can be embarrassing for a country's ruling political party - e.g. the Black Power demonstration of Mexico City 1968 Olympics.