6.2 Sport in the Twenty-First Century Flashcards
(46 cards)
What is the class system like in the 21st century?
The class system in Britain is less pronounced and more fluid than ever before but there are still social divisions within out society. There are now more divisions within the middle and working classes.
What is the class structure like in Britain in the 21st century?
1 higher professional and managerial workers
2 lower managerial and professional workers
3 intermediate occupations
4 small employers and non-professional self-employed
5 lower supervisory and technical
6 semi-routine occupations
7 routine occupations
8 Long-term unemployed
What is the definition of social mobility?
The changes in wealth, education and occupation over a person’s lifetime
How can social mobility be achieved through sports in the 21st century?
The media promote this view of releasing people from poverty and this creates role models for young people to aspire to. Sports such as rugby union in South Wales and rugby league in the north of England are examples of how fame and fortune or how ‘rags to riches’ can become real for working men of those areas. Tennis has traditionally been associated with the middle classes but professional tennis players represent the range of social class positions.
What is the definition of socio-economic?
Relating to or concerned with the interaction of social and economic factors. Economic circumstances can affect social experiences, and vice versa.
What social class is associated with football in the 21st century?
Football is still associated more with the working class but the divisions are by no means as clear as they were in the 20th century.
How are the classes seen within football in the 21st century?
In football, following the Hillsborough disaster or 1989 and the resulting Taylor Report, the introduction of seating with stadium modernisation and the formation of the Premier League in 1992, participants and spectators were drawn from across class boundaries. The Premier League has been marketed into the 21st century as an elite and executive experience and consequently seat prices have risen sharply. The middle classes are now much more likely to state that they are a football fan and more affluent older supporters are now much more prevalent as football supporters.
How are classes linked to skill within different sports in the 21st century?
Social class is a factor in whether someone is likely to be am amateur or a professional in sport, although this does depend on the type of sport. Amateurs, in many sports such as cricket and rugby, have traditionally been associated with the middle classes, whereas professionals in an activity like football have been largely working class. However, rugby now consists of a broad representation of professional players from middle class and working class backgrounds.
What is the overall conclusion of the different social classes involved in sport now?
Although there are still remnants of class divides, the overall conclusion is that those who participate in sport both as amateurs and as professionals have more diverse backgrounds related to class, ethnicity and gender than ever before.
What is gender role of males like in sport in the 21st century?
Far more men get involved in sport, either to participate or to spectate. It is still regarded by some people that being good at sport or interested in sport is somehow ‘unfeminine’, thus reinforcing male dominance in sport and sport coverage. Certain activities are traditionally linked to either males or females and this can lead to discrimination.
What is gender role of females like in sport in the 21st century?
More women are now involved in physical exercise and there is far more interest in health and fitness activities. More and more females are now joining a gym or participating in exercise classes. The participation rates for women involved in sports such as football and rugby are now much larger and are continuing to grow.
What is an example of gender discrimination in sports?
Dance-type activities are mainly followed by females, whereas many team sports are male-dominated.
What impact is the increase in female sports presenters in the media having?
It may encourage more women to take an interest and become role models in sport, and there are fewer instances of open discrimination against women who are members of clubs, such as golf clubs.
What is the law and order like in sports in the 21st century?
Legislation that affects sport is sophisticated and more specific to sport. For example, negligence in sport has seen a number of high-profile cases related to highly physical contact sports. The rights of spectators and their safety are also now more enshrined in law, as well as law related to aggression by players on and off the pitch. The law has also been used increasingly to protect or litigate against officials and referees.
What are the laws regarding injuries during sports in the 21st century?
Litigation over injuries suffered in a sporting context is a relatively recent development in the UK. A number of cases have established a duty of care owed by participants both towards spectators to the event and to their fellow competitors. In recent years, new categories of potential defendants have begun to emerge in actions for sports injuries. This is due to a rugby referee’s failure to exert adequate control over a highly technical area of the game, which led to 2 spinal injuries of players.
What laws have been introduced into sports in the 21st century?
Injuries, misuse of drugs, misconduct on and off the field, ‘match fixing’, preventing discrimination based on race and gender
What is the reason for this big increase in litigation within sport?
This litigation may be a sign of growing lawlessness of sport, but it is probably down to the fact that people are more aware of their legal rights and the new laws have been passed to protect participants, officials and spectators.
How have the laws to prevent discrimination based on race and gender had an impact on those who participate in sport?
More contemporary issues have been addressed by law protecting our diverse community. For example, the rights of transsexuals are protected (Gender Recognition Act of 2004) to provide transsexual people with legal recognition on their acquired gender.
How have the new laws within sport in the 21st century impact private establishments such as golf clubs?
Gold clubs and other private members’ establishments are no longer able to discriminate on the grounds of gender under the 2010 equality laws. Changes to rules affecting private clubs would mean those with mixed membership could no longer treat women differently. Some golf clubs used to give female members limited access to club facilities or bar them from running the club. Women golfers used to face restrictions at their local courses on what time they could play and which bars they could drink in.
What are the 6 categories that the discrimination legislation covers in the UK?
race, gender, disability, age, sexual orientation, religion
What is education like in the 21st century?
Between the ages of 5 and 11, children attend the local primary school and then progress to secondary school, which normally means entry into a comprehensive school. Among the comprehensive schools are also voluntary denominational schools, including Roman Catholic comprehensive schools.
What is meant by a comprehensive school?
It is intended to provide all the secondary education of all the children in a given area without an organisation in 3 sides.
How do examinations work in the UK in the 21st century?
After 4 years of secondary school, pupils sit their GCSEs in a wide range of subjects according to the pupil’s ability, which are then marked by an independent body. 2 years later, students sit another exam called the General Certificate of Education (A-levels) based an a selection of subjects chosen by each candidate. Access to universities is based on the number of examinations taken and the grades achieved. The exact requirements are fixed by the individual universities and vary according to the type of degree course applied for.
What qualifications are available in physical education and sport?
Examinations and qualifications in physical education and sport (including sports science) have increased in the 21st century. As well as AS and A-level qualifications, there are GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, BTECs and Cambridge Technical qualifications all related to sport. This gives an increase in opportunity for young people to study PE.
