1.1 social development

Question 1

define social behaviour

Answer 1

any action that is influenced directly or indirectly, by the actual, imagined, expected, or implied presence of others

Question 2

what influences social behaviour?

Answer 2

biological, psychological and social factors from time of birth

Question 3

is smiling and crying social behaviour (in infants)?

Answer 3

no, it has no social meaning to the infant HOWEVER caregivers respond to these behaviour as if they were social

Question 4

what is smiling to newborn infants?

Answer 4

a spontaneous, reflexive smile characterised by a simple turning up of the corners of the mouth

Question 5

How long do infants reflex smile?

Answer 5

observed throughout first month

Question 6

at what age is social smiling observed?

Answer 6

appears at around 4-6 weeks BUT not frequent and unambiguous until 3 months

Question 7

at what age does social smiling become selective?

Answer 7

at about 6 months of age

Question 8

At what age can infants clearly distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar adults and different sources of comfort?

Answer 8

6 months of age- failure to show social smiling by 6 months is considered an early sign of autism

Question 9

why is reflex smiling important when it isn’t considered to be a social behaviour?

Answer 9

provides basis of an infant’s first real positive social interaction and can draw an infant and caregiver closer together

Question 10

is crying reflexive in infants?

Answer 10

yes- it’s a reflexive response w a survival function- helps to supply the blood w oxygen and inflates the lungs so that independent breathing can commence

Question 11

how does crying help infants communicate?

Answer 11

It conveys messages about various needs such as hunger and thirst and various states such as pain and discomfort

Question 12

impact of crying on infant-caregiver relationship?

Answer 12

it provides basis of social interaction and formation of social relationships w others

caregiver responding to crying infant can help strengthen relationship BUT if theres a pattern of persistent crying and a frustrated caregiver then it can delay the formation of a close infant-caregiver relationship or weaken existing one

Question 13

What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Answer 13

his theory describes the impact of certain social and cultural experiences on our social, emotional and personality development at various stages of the entire lifespan

Question 14

how does social development occur?

Answer 14

through the combined effects of psychological processes which take place within the individual (psycho) and their life experiences, particularly interactions w other ppl

Question 15

How many stages are there in Erikson’s theory and what does the stages encompass

Answer 15

8 stages, an individual has to deal w a specific psychosocial crisis that is normal for people at that time in life

Question 16

what is a psychosocial crisis?

Answer 16

a personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society involving a struggle between 2 opposing tendencies- one comes from internal personal needs and the other from the demands of society

Question 17

what influences our psychosocial development?

Answer 17

how we deal w or resolve each psychosocial crisis

Question 18

is a psychosocial crisis a bad thing?

Answer 18

according to Erikson, no. It’s a turning point in life, not a catastrophe

Question 19

what happens if you don’t resolve any psychosocial crisis?

Answer 19

it may have reversible consequences- it wont be permanent. Setbacks can always be overcome w attention, care and love BUT failure to resolve a conflict will have a negative effect on person’s psychosocial development and adjustment to society

Question 20

Psychosocial crisis in stage 1?

Answer 20

trust vs mistrust:

Question 21

Psychosocial crisis in stage 2?

Answer 21

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 22

Psychosocial crisis in stage 3?

Answer 22

initiative vs guilt

Question 23

Psychosocial crisis in stage 4?

Answer 23

industry vs inferiority

Question 24

Psychosocial crisis in stage 5?

Answer 24

identity vs role confusion

Question 25

Psychosocial crisis in stage 6?

Answer 25

intimacy vs isolation

Question 26

Psychosocial crisis in stage 7?

Answer 26

generativity vs stagnation

Question 27

Psychosocial crisis in stage 8?

Answer 27

integrity vs despair

Question 28

approximate age of stage 1?

Answer 28

birth - 18 months

Question 29

approximate age of stage 2?

Answer 29

18 months to 3 yrs

Question 30

approximate age of stage 3?

Answer 30

3-5 yrs

Question 31

approximate age of stage 4?

Answer 31

5-12 yrs

Question 32

approximate age of stage 5?

Answer 32

12-18 yrs

Question 33

approximate age of stage 6?

Answer 33

18-25 yrs

Question 34

approximate age of stage 7?

Answer 34

25-65 yrs

Question 35

approximate age of stage 8?

Answer 35

65+ yrs

Question 36

developmental period of stage 1?

Answer 36

early infancy

Question 37

developmental period of stage 2?

Answer 37

late infancy

Question 38

developmental period of stage 3?

Answer 38

early childhood

Question 39

developmental period of stage 4?

Answer 39

middle and late childhood

Question 40

developmental period of stage 5?

Answer 40

adolescence

Question 41

developmental period of stage 6?

Answer 41

young adulthood

Question 42

developmental period of stage 7?

Answer 42

adulthood

Question 43

developmental period of stage 8?

Answer 43

late adulthood

Question 44

are the ages people go thru Erikson's stages fixed?

Answer 44

no bc it can vary bc of each individual's unique life experiences BUT order is fixed

Question 45

is it necessary to experience each crisis

Answer 45

yes but u dont have to resolve it before proceeding to next stage

Question 46

can different stages overlap?

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

criticisms of Erikson's theory?

Answer 47

1. lack of experimental evidence: theory developed from case studies of people in a limited range of cultures and Erikson's experiences w individuals he counselled rather than scientific research 2. consideration of how sociocultural influences can have differing effects on males and females: Erikson tends to overlook female psychosoical development and typically male psychosocial development is focussed on. 3. Belief that identity is found in adolescence: many psychologists who work in counselling find that people continue to search for identity well into young adulthood 4. States that everyone experiences a "mid-life crisis": several research studies show that this isn't necessarily the case

Question 48

what's industry vs inferiority?

Answer 48

Positive: development of sense of competence Negative: feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery where failure to succeed causes feelings of inferiority- influenced by important adults (caregivers, teachers) and peers INCREDIBLES

Question 49

what's initiative vs guilt?

Answer 49

Positive: discovery of ways to initiate actions Negative: guilt from actions and thoughts where children learn what's acceptable, morality, when they've gone too far INSIDE OUT: when Joy gets rid of sadness

Question 50

what's identity vs role confusion?

Answer 50

positive: Awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed Negative: not know who they are, where they belong or where they're headed in life, confused about who they should be adolescents become more independent and withdraw from peers and parents MOANA: doesn't know whether to be the daughter who her parents want her to be or the person she wants to- in the end she becomes both

Question 51

what's integrity vs despair?

Answer 51

Positive: sense of unity in life’s accomplishments Negative: regret over lost opportunity of life when older adults question whether they are satisfied with their life's achievements UP

Question 52

what's intimacy vs isolation?

Answer 52

Positive: development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships Negative: fear of relationship with others when people are looking for romantic relationships FROZEN

Question 53

what's generativity vs stagnation?

Answer 53

Positive: sense of contribution to continuity of life Negative: trivialisation of ones activities when adults become concerned w leaving a mark for future generations and leaving a mark on society TOY STORY 3

Question 54

what's autonomy vs shame and doubt?

Answer 54

Positive: self-sufficiency if exploration is encouraged Negative: doubts about self, lack of independence NEMO

Question 55

what's trust vs mistrust?

Answer 55

Positive: feelings of trust from environment support Negative: fear and concern regarding others where u develop ur sense of trust and how u tend to trust others // if ur caregiver is consistent and predictable, you will trust ppl easily - even if u develop trust issues u can overcome it MONSTERS INC